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New Internet Computer

  • 1 New Internet Computer

    Computers: NIC

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > New Internet Computer

  • 2 a computer connected to the Internet

    Компьютерная техника: компьютер, подключённый к Интернету (англ. оборот взят из статьи, опубликованной в New York Times)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > a computer connected to the Internet

  • 3 NIC

    1) Общая лексика: Network Information Center-Сетевой Информационный Центр. (Изначально этот центр был единственным, располагался при SRI International и решал задачи управления сетью сообщества ARPANET (позднее и DDN). Сегодня существует множество центров на уровн), US National Ice Centre
    5) Военный термин: NATO Infrastructure Committee, National Intelligence Cell/Community, National Intelligence Community, National Intelligence Council, Naval Intelligence Cell, Naval Intelligence Command, navigation information center
    7) Метеорология: National Ice Center
    8) Юридический термин: Name Information Center
    9) Бухгалтерия: net interest cost
    10) Телекоммуникации: Network Interface Card (LAN)
    11) Сокращение: National Incomes Commission, National Industrial Council, National Institute of Credit, National Intelligence Committee (Korea, North), National Investors Council, Naval Intelligence Command (USA), not in contract, Network Information Center ("The NIC" is NIC.DDN.MIL), Niger- Kordofanian (Other), newly-industrializing country, National Identity Card (национальная идентификационная карта), National Insurance Contribution
    12) Шахматы: New In Chess
    13) Электроника: Network Interface Cards, Noise Isolation Class
    14) Вычислительная техника: Network Interface Card / Controller, Numeric Intensive Computing, Network Information Center ('The NIC' is NIC.DDN.MIL)
    15) Нефть: not in contact
    16) Связь: network interface card
    18) Пищевая промышленность: Net Ingredient Cost
    19) Фирменный знак: New Imaging Concept
    23) Океанография: Network Information Center
    25) Здравоохранение: Nursing Interventions Classification

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > NIC

  • 4 nic

    1) Общая лексика: Network Information Center-Сетевой Информационный Центр. (Изначально этот центр был единственным, располагался при SRI International и решал задачи управления сетью сообщества ARPANET (позднее и DDN). Сегодня существует множество центров на уровн), US National Ice Centre
    5) Военный термин: NATO Infrastructure Committee, National Intelligence Cell/Community, National Intelligence Community, National Intelligence Council, Naval Intelligence Cell, Naval Intelligence Command, navigation information center
    7) Метеорология: National Ice Center
    8) Юридический термин: Name Information Center
    9) Бухгалтерия: net interest cost
    10) Телекоммуникации: Network Interface Card (LAN)
    11) Сокращение: National Incomes Commission, National Industrial Council, National Institute of Credit, National Intelligence Committee (Korea, North), National Investors Council, Naval Intelligence Command (USA), not in contract, Network Information Center ("The NIC" is NIC.DDN.MIL), Niger- Kordofanian (Other), newly-industrializing country, National Identity Card (национальная идентификационная карта), National Insurance Contribution
    12) Шахматы: New In Chess
    13) Электроника: Network Interface Cards, Noise Isolation Class
    14) Вычислительная техника: Network Interface Card / Controller, Numeric Intensive Computing, Network Information Center ('The NIC' is NIC.DDN.MIL)
    15) Нефть: not in contact
    16) Связь: network interface card
    18) Пищевая промышленность: Net Ingredient Cost
    19) Фирменный знак: New Imaging Concept
    23) Океанография: Network Information Center
    25) Здравоохранение: Nursing Interventions Classification

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > nic

  • 5 cambiar

    v.
    cambiar de to change
    cambiar de casa to move (house)
    cambiar de trabajo to move o change jobs
    María cambió la enagua y se ve bien Mary changed the skirt and it looks nice.
    El dolor cambió a Pedro Grief changed Peter.
    María cambió los tragos Mary changed the drinks.
    2 to change gear (automobiles) (de marchas).
    3 to exchange, to barter, to switch, to change.
    María cambió la enagua y se ve bien Mary changed the skirt and it looks nice.
    El dolor cambió a Pedro Grief changed Peter.
    María cambió los tragos Mary changed the drinks.
    Ella cambió lugares con la mesera She exchanged places with the waitress.
    Todo cambia Everything changes.
    4 to get change.
    Ricardo cambió para el teléfono Richard got change for the phone.
    5 to change on.
    Me cambió toda la perspectiva The whole perspective changed on me.
    * * *
    (unstressed i)
    Present Indicative
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperative
    cambia (tú), cambie (él/Vd.), cambiemos (nos.), cambiad (vos.), cambien (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    2) exchange, swap
    3) move
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=modificar) to change
    2) (=intercambiar) to exchange, swap *

    te cambio el rotulador verde por el rojo — I'll exchange my green pen for that red one, I'll swap you the green pen for the red one *

    ¿me cambias el sitio? — can we change places?, can we swap places? *

    3) (=reemplazar) to change

    ¿les has cambiado el agua a los peces? — have you changed the water in the fish tank?

    ¿me lo puede cambiar por otra talla? — could I change o exchange this for another size?

    4) (=trasladar) to move
    5) (Econ, Com) to change

    tengo que cambiar 800 euros en o LAm a libras — I have to change 800 euros into pounds

    ¿tienes para cambiarme 50 euros? — have you got change for a 50-euro note?

    2. VI
    1) (=volverse diferente) [persona, situación] to change; [voz] to break

    si es así, la cosa cambia — if it's true, that changes things, well that's a different story then

    2)

    • cambiar de — [+ actitud, canal, dirección] to change; [+ casa] to move

    cuando no le interesa algo, cambia de tema — whenever he isn't interested in something, he changes the subject

    • cambiar de dueño — to change hands

    • cambiar de idea u opinión — to change one's mind

    • cambiar para mejor/peor — to change for the better/worse

    camisa 1), tercio 2)
    3) (Transportes) to change
    4) (Radio)

    ¡cambio! — over!

    ¡cambio y corto!, ¡cambio y fuera! — over and out!

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (alterar, modificar) <horario/imagen/persona> to change
    b) (de lugar, posición)

    cambiar algo/a alguien DE algo: cambiar los muebles de lugar to move the furniture around; nos van a cambiar de oficina they're going to move us to another office; cambié las flores de florero — I put the flowers in a different vase

    c) ( reemplazar) <pieza/fecha/sábanas> to change
    d) <niño/bebé> to change
    2) ( canjear) <sellos/estampas> to swap, to trade (esp AmE); < compra> to exchange, change

    si no le queda bien lo puede cambiar — if it doesn't fit, you can exchange o change it

    cambiar algo por algo — <sellos/estampas> to swap o (esp AmE) trade something for something; < compra> to exchange o change something for something

    te cambio este libro por tu pluma — I'll swap you o trade this book for your pen

    cambiarle algo a alguien: ¿quieres que te cambie el lugar? — do you want me to swap o change places with you?

    3) (Fin) to change

    ¿me puedes cambiar este billete? — can you change this bill (AmE) o (BrE) note for me?

    cambiar algo a or (Esp) en algo — to change something into something

    cambié 100 libras a or (Esp) en dólares — I changed 100 pounds into dollars

    2.
    1)
    a) ciudad/persona ( alterarse) to change

    cambiar para peor/mejor — to change for the worse/better

    está/lo noto muy cambiado — he's changed/he seems to have changed a lot

    así la cosa cambia — oh well, that's different

    b) (Auto) to change gear
    c) ( hacer transbordo) to change

    cambio y corto or fuera — over and out

    2) cambiar de to change

    cambiar de idea or opinión — to change one's mind

    3.
    cambiarse v pron
    a) (refl) ( de ropa) to change, to get changed
    b) (refl) <camisa/nombre/peinado> to change

    ¿te cambiaste los calcetines? — did you change your socks?

    c)
    d) (recípr) <sellos/estampas> to swap, to trade (esp AmE)
    e) cambiarse de to change
    f) (CS) ( mudarse de casa) to move
    * * *
    = alter, change, reshape [re-shape], reverse, revolutionise [revolutionize, -USA], shift, turn into, undergo + transformation, amend, redraw [re-draw], swing, morph, reengineer [re-engineer], metamorphose, refashion, move along, reschedule, convert, take + a turn, turn + Nombre + (a)round, shunt between, switch.
    Ex. Even the same collection some years on will have altered, and the device, in order to remain effective, must evolve in keeping with the development of the collection.
    Ex. A scheme should permit changes in terminology as subjects change their names.
    Ex. I do not think I am alone in believing there is a need for significant change, for reshaping our educational programs as well as our institutional goals and philosophies.
    Ex. Entry of the number '11' reverses the present blacklisting status.
    Ex. It was pointed out that the practices of the profession were not being totally revolutionized overnight.
    Ex. In general, then, a post-co-ordinate index is simpler to produce than a pre-co-ordinate index, because it shifts the responsibility for co-ordination of index terms to the searcher.
    Ex. But the incompleteness of information can be turned into an asset by challenging students to specify what additional information they would like and how they would attempt to get it.
    Ex. This is because names of women authors frequently undergo transformations as a result of marriage and divorce; political jurisdictions also are annexed or gain independence and sometimes a new name; etc.
    Ex. This article shows how to amend and cancel orders and how to arrange delivery by telefacsimile.
    Ex. the Internet has fundamentally redrawn the way in which people can organize themselves.
    Ex. The article has the title 'The pendulum swings to the right: censorship in the eighties'.
    Ex. The librarians have the capabilities to morph sucessfully to keep in sync, so to speak, with the new technologies.
    Ex. Libraries in general, and the corporate library in particular, must reengineer to take their rightful place in the new age.
    Ex. Each of these three standards metamorphosed and had an impact far beyond the anticipation of all but the most far-sighted.
    Ex. The basic thesis of the book under review is that throughout his career Rembrandt restlessly fashioned and refashioned his self.
    Ex. As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.
    Ex. The 2005 second edition originally slated for 4th of May 2005 has been rescheduled for 2-4 August 2005.
    Ex. All listings for the final thesaurus must be converted to the format appropriate for typing, printing or input to a computer data base.
    Ex. All went well, and with the addition of two new people, computer science took a turn.
    Ex. When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.
    Ex. Till then, he will continue living out of a suitcase and shunt between the two continents.
    Ex. Role reversal seeks to answer some of these questions by having ordinary men and women switch genders for a month.
    ----
    * actitud + cambiar = attitude + go.
    * ansias de cambiar de sitio = itchy feet.
    * cambiando = a-changing.
    * cambiando de asunto = on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * cambiando de tema = on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * cambiar a = switch over, switch to, transmute into, move to, change over to.
    * cambiar a la situación anterior = reverse.
    * cambiar Algo en Otra Cosa = turn + Nombre + into.
    * cambiar Algo para bien = turn + Nombre + into a good thing.
    * cambiar con el paso del tiempo = change over + time.
    * cambiar con el tiempo = change over + time.
    * cambiar con el transcurso del tiempo = change over + time.
    * cambiar de... a... = switch from... to....
    * cambiar de actitud = change + attitude.
    * cambiar de aire = move on to + pastures new.
    * cambiar de aires = change + scenery.
    * cambiar de ambiente = change + scenery.
    * cambiar de cantinela = change + Posesivo + tune.
    * cambiar de cara = arrange + countenance.
    * cambiar de dueño = change + hands.
    * cambiar de entorno = change + scenery.
    * cambiar de estrategia = change + tack.
    * cambiar de fondos = turn over.
    * cambiar de forma = shape-shift.
    * cambiar de forma de vivir = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * cambiar de formato = reformat [re-format].
    * cambiar de lugar = relocate, resite [re-site].
    * cambiar de manos = change + hands.
    * cambiar de marcha = gear.
    * cambiar de nuevo al estado anterior = change back.
    * cambiar de opinión = change + Posesivo + mind, change + feet, change + Posesivo + tune.
    * cambiar de opinión a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambiar de orientación = reposition [re-position].
    * cambiar de parecer = change + Posesivo + mind, change + Posesivo + tune.
    * cambiar de parecer a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambiar de política a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambiar de posición = transpose, reposition [re-position].
    * cambiar de postura = reconsider + position.
    * cambiar de propietario = change + hands.
    * cambiar de proveedor = churn.
    * cambiar de residencia = relocate.
    * cambiar de rumbo = branch off + on a side trail, change + tack.
    * cambiar de servicio = churn.
    * cambiar de sitio = shuffle.
    * cambiar de táctica = change + tack.
    * cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time, vary + from time to time.
    * cambiar de velocidad = gear.
    * cambiar dirección = change + direction.
    * cambiar el decorado = change + the scenery.
    * cambiar el énfasis = shift + focus, shift + emphasis.
    * cambiar el paisaje = change + the scenery.
    * cambiar el precio = reprice.
    * cambiar el ritmo = change + the pace.
    * cambiar el techo de un edificio = re-roof.
    * cambiar el título = retitle.
    * cambiar el tono = modulate.
    * cambiar la instalación eléctrica = rewire.
    * cambiar las cosas desde dentro = change + things from the inside.
    * cambiar las espadas por arados = turn + swords into ploughshares.
    * cambiar la situación = change + the course of events.
    * cambiar las prioridades de... a... = shift + emphasis from... to....
    * cambiar las tornas = turn + the tables (on).
    * cambiar la vida = change + life.
    * cambiarle el agua al canario = pee, take + a leak, have + a leak.
    * cambiar lo acontencido = change + the course of events.
    * cambiar marchas = shift + gears.
    * cambiar para bien = change for + the better.
    * cambiar para mejor = change for + the better.
    * cambiar + Posesivo + vida = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * cambiar radicalmente de postura = do + an about-face.
    * cambiar rápidamente = jump.
    * cambiarse de casa = move + house.
    * cambiarse de ropa = change.
    * cambiarse rápidamente = slip into + Posesivo + clothes.
    * cambiar tanto que resulta irreconocible = change + beyond (all) recognition.
    * cambiar velocidades = gear.
    * cosas + cambiar inesperadamente = things + take a turn for the unexpected.
    * dejar sin cambiar = leave + unchanged.
    * habitación para cambiar bebés = baby changing room.
    * hacer cambiar = swing + Persona.
    * hacer cambiar las cosas = turn + the tide on.
    * las cosas + cambiar = pendulum + swing.
    * la suerte + cambiar = the tide + turn.
    * no cambiar = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work, stand + pat.
    * que cambia con el tiempo = ever-changing [ever changing], time-variant, ever-shifting.
    * que cambia la vida = life-changing, life-altering.
    * que se puede cambiar de tamaño = resizeable [re-sizeable].
    * sala para cambiar bebés = baby changing room.
    * situación + cambiar = tide + turn.
    * vida + cambiar por completo = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (alterar, modificar) <horario/imagen/persona> to change
    b) (de lugar, posición)

    cambiar algo/a alguien DE algo: cambiar los muebles de lugar to move the furniture around; nos van a cambiar de oficina they're going to move us to another office; cambié las flores de florero — I put the flowers in a different vase

    c) ( reemplazar) <pieza/fecha/sábanas> to change
    d) <niño/bebé> to change
    2) ( canjear) <sellos/estampas> to swap, to trade (esp AmE); < compra> to exchange, change

    si no le queda bien lo puede cambiar — if it doesn't fit, you can exchange o change it

    cambiar algo por algo — <sellos/estampas> to swap o (esp AmE) trade something for something; < compra> to exchange o change something for something

    te cambio este libro por tu pluma — I'll swap you o trade this book for your pen

    cambiarle algo a alguien: ¿quieres que te cambie el lugar? — do you want me to swap o change places with you?

    3) (Fin) to change

    ¿me puedes cambiar este billete? — can you change this bill (AmE) o (BrE) note for me?

    cambiar algo a or (Esp) en algo — to change something into something

    cambié 100 libras a or (Esp) en dólares — I changed 100 pounds into dollars

    2.
    1)
    a) ciudad/persona ( alterarse) to change

    cambiar para peor/mejor — to change for the worse/better

    está/lo noto muy cambiado — he's changed/he seems to have changed a lot

    así la cosa cambia — oh well, that's different

    b) (Auto) to change gear
    c) ( hacer transbordo) to change

    cambio y corto or fuera — over and out

    2) cambiar de to change

    cambiar de idea or opinión — to change one's mind

    3.
    cambiarse v pron
    a) (refl) ( de ropa) to change, to get changed
    b) (refl) <camisa/nombre/peinado> to change

    ¿te cambiaste los calcetines? — did you change your socks?

    c)
    d) (recípr) <sellos/estampas> to swap, to trade (esp AmE)
    e) cambiarse de to change
    f) (CS) ( mudarse de casa) to move
    * * *
    = alter, change, reshape [re-shape], reverse, revolutionise [revolutionize, -USA], shift, turn into, undergo + transformation, amend, redraw [re-draw], swing, morph, reengineer [re-engineer], metamorphose, refashion, move along, reschedule, convert, take + a turn, turn + Nombre + (a)round, shunt between, switch.

    Ex: Even the same collection some years on will have altered, and the device, in order to remain effective, must evolve in keeping with the development of the collection.

    Ex: A scheme should permit changes in terminology as subjects change their names.
    Ex: I do not think I am alone in believing there is a need for significant change, for reshaping our educational programs as well as our institutional goals and philosophies.
    Ex: Entry of the number '11' reverses the present blacklisting status.
    Ex: It was pointed out that the practices of the profession were not being totally revolutionized overnight.
    Ex: In general, then, a post-co-ordinate index is simpler to produce than a pre-co-ordinate index, because it shifts the responsibility for co-ordination of index terms to the searcher.
    Ex: But the incompleteness of information can be turned into an asset by challenging students to specify what additional information they would like and how they would attempt to get it.
    Ex: This is because names of women authors frequently undergo transformations as a result of marriage and divorce; political jurisdictions also are annexed or gain independence and sometimes a new name; etc.
    Ex: This article shows how to amend and cancel orders and how to arrange delivery by telefacsimile.
    Ex: the Internet has fundamentally redrawn the way in which people can organize themselves.
    Ex: The article has the title 'The pendulum swings to the right: censorship in the eighties'.
    Ex: The librarians have the capabilities to morph sucessfully to keep in sync, so to speak, with the new technologies.
    Ex: Libraries in general, and the corporate library in particular, must reengineer to take their rightful place in the new age.
    Ex: Each of these three standards metamorphosed and had an impact far beyond the anticipation of all but the most far-sighted.
    Ex: The basic thesis of the book under review is that throughout his career Rembrandt restlessly fashioned and refashioned his self.
    Ex: As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.
    Ex: The 2005 second edition originally slated for 4th of May 2005 has been rescheduled for 2-4 August 2005.
    Ex: All listings for the final thesaurus must be converted to the format appropriate for typing, printing or input to a computer data base.
    Ex: All went well, and with the addition of two new people, computer science took a turn.
    Ex: When he was younger he really turned the library around, from a backwater, two-bit operation to the respected institution it is today.
    Ex: Till then, he will continue living out of a suitcase and shunt between the two continents.
    Ex: Role reversal seeks to answer some of these questions by having ordinary men and women switch genders for a month.
    * actitud + cambiar = attitude + go.
    * ansias de cambiar de sitio = itchy feet.
    * cambiando = a-changing.
    * cambiando de asunto = on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * cambiando de tema = on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * cambiar a = switch over, switch to, transmute into, move to, change over to.
    * cambiar a la situación anterior = reverse.
    * cambiar Algo en Otra Cosa = turn + Nombre + into.
    * cambiar Algo para bien = turn + Nombre + into a good thing.
    * cambiar con el paso del tiempo = change over + time.
    * cambiar con el tiempo = change over + time.
    * cambiar con el transcurso del tiempo = change over + time.
    * cambiar de... a... = switch from... to....
    * cambiar de actitud = change + attitude.
    * cambiar de aire = move on to + pastures new.
    * cambiar de aires = change + scenery.
    * cambiar de ambiente = change + scenery.
    * cambiar de cantinela = change + Posesivo + tune.
    * cambiar de cara = arrange + countenance.
    * cambiar de dueño = change + hands.
    * cambiar de entorno = change + scenery.
    * cambiar de estrategia = change + tack.
    * cambiar de fondos = turn over.
    * cambiar de forma = shape-shift.
    * cambiar de forma de vivir = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * cambiar de formato = reformat [re-format].
    * cambiar de lugar = relocate, resite [re-site].
    * cambiar de manos = change + hands.
    * cambiar de marcha = gear.
    * cambiar de nuevo al estado anterior = change back.
    * cambiar de opinión = change + Posesivo + mind, change + feet, change + Posesivo + tune.
    * cambiar de opinión a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambiar de orientación = reposition [re-position].
    * cambiar de parecer = change + Posesivo + mind, change + Posesivo + tune.
    * cambiar de parecer a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambiar de política a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambiar de posición = transpose, reposition [re-position].
    * cambiar de postura = reconsider + position.
    * cambiar de propietario = change + hands.
    * cambiar de proveedor = churn.
    * cambiar de residencia = relocate.
    * cambiar de rumbo = branch off + on a side trail, change + tack.
    * cambiar de servicio = churn.
    * cambiar de sitio = shuffle.
    * cambiar de táctica = change + tack.
    * cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time, vary + from time to time.
    * cambiar de velocidad = gear.
    * cambiar dirección = change + direction.
    * cambiar el decorado = change + the scenery.
    * cambiar el énfasis = shift + focus, shift + emphasis.
    * cambiar el paisaje = change + the scenery.
    * cambiar el precio = reprice.
    * cambiar el ritmo = change + the pace.
    * cambiar el techo de un edificio = re-roof.
    * cambiar el título = retitle.
    * cambiar el tono = modulate.
    * cambiar la instalación eléctrica = rewire.
    * cambiar las cosas desde dentro = change + things from the inside.
    * cambiar las espadas por arados = turn + swords into ploughshares.
    * cambiar la situación = change + the course of events.
    * cambiar las prioridades de... a... = shift + emphasis from... to....
    * cambiar las tornas = turn + the tables (on).
    * cambiar la vida = change + life.
    * cambiarle el agua al canario = pee, take + a leak, have + a leak.
    * cambiar lo acontencido = change + the course of events.
    * cambiar marchas = shift + gears.
    * cambiar para bien = change for + the better.
    * cambiar para mejor = change for + the better.
    * cambiar + Posesivo + vida = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * cambiar radicalmente de postura = do + an about-face.
    * cambiar rápidamente = jump.
    * cambiarse de casa = move + house.
    * cambiarse de ropa = change.
    * cambiarse rápidamente = slip into + Posesivo + clothes.
    * cambiar tanto que resulta irreconocible = change + beyond (all) recognition.
    * cambiar velocidades = gear.
    * cosas + cambiar inesperadamente = things + take a turn for the unexpected.
    * dejar sin cambiar = leave + unchanged.
    * habitación para cambiar bebés = baby changing room.
    * hacer cambiar = swing + Persona.
    * hacer cambiar las cosas = turn + the tide on.
    * las cosas + cambiar = pendulum + swing.
    * la suerte + cambiar = the tide + turn.
    * no cambiar = keep + it up, keep up + the good work, keep up + the great work, stand + pat.
    * que cambia con el tiempo = ever-changing [ever changing], time-variant, ever-shifting.
    * que cambia la vida = life-changing, life-altering.
    * que se puede cambiar de tamaño = resizeable [re-sizeable].
    * sala para cambiar bebés = baby changing room.
    * situación + cambiar = tide + turn.
    * vida + cambiar por completo = turn + Posesivo + life around.

    * * *
    cambiar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (alterar, modificar) ‹horario/imagen› to change
    eso no cambia nada that doesn't change anything
    esa experiencia lo cambió mucho that experience changed him greatly
    2 (de lugar, posición) cambiar algo/a algn DE algo:
    cambiar los muebles de lugar to move the furniture around
    voy a cambiar el sofá de lugar I'm going to put the sofa somewhere else o move the sofa
    nos van a cambiar de oficina they're going to move us to another office
    me cambiaron de clase they put me in another class, they changed me to o moved me into another class
    cambié las flores de florero I put the flowers in a different vase
    3 (reemplazar) ‹pieza/rueda/bombilla/sábanas› to change
    han cambiado la fecha del examen they've changed the date of the exam
    cambiarle algo A algo:
    le cambió la pila al reloj she changed the battery in the clock
    le han cambiado el nombre a la tienda they've changed the name of the shop
    cámbiale el pañal a la niña change the baby's diaper ( AmE) o ( BrE) nappy
    4 ‹niño/bebé› to change
    B (canjear) ‹sellos/estampas› to trade ( AmE), to swap ( BrE)
    si no le queda bien lo puede cambiar if it doesn't fit, you can change it
    cambiar algo POR algo ‹sellos/estampos› to swap or ( esp AmE) trade sth FOR sth ‹compra› to exchange or change sth FOR sth:
    quiero cambiar esta blusa por otra or una más grande I'd like to change o exchange this blouse for a larger size
    te cambio este libro por tus lápices de colores I'll trade this book for your crayons, I'll swap you this book for your crayons
    cambiarle algo A algn:
    ¿quieres que te cambie el sitio? do you want to trade o swap o change o ( frml) exchange places?, do you want me to swap o change o ( frml) exchange places with you?
    C ( Fin) to change
    ¿dónde puedo cambiar dinero? where can I change money?
    ¿me puedes cambiar este billete? can you change this bill ( AmE) o ( BrE) note for me?
    cambiar algo A or ( Esp) EN algo to change sth INTO sth
    quiero cambiar estas libras a or en dólares I'd like to change these pounds into dollars
    ■ cambiar
    vi
    A
    1 «ciudad/persona» (variar, alterarse) to change
    ha cambiado para peor/mejor he's changed for the worse/better
    está/lo noto muy cambiado he's changed/he seems to have changed a lot
    ya verás como la vida te hace cambiar you'll change as you get older
    así la cosa cambia oh well, that's different o that changes things
    le está cambiando la voz his voice is breaking
    2 ( Auto) to change gear
    3 (hacer transbordo) to change
    4
    (en transmisiones): cambio over
    cambio y corto or fuera over and out
    B cambiar de to change
    cambiar de color to change color
    la tienda ha cambiado de dueño the shop has changed hands
    he cambiado de idea or opinión or parecer I've changed my mind
    el avión cambió de rumbo the plane changed course
    cambiar de marcha to change gear
    no cambies de tema don't change the subject
    cambió de canal he changed channel(s)
    1 ( refl) (de ropa) to change, to get changed
    2 ( refl) ‹camisa/nombre/peinado› to change
    ¿te has cambiado los calcetines? have you changed your socks?
    3 cambiarse POR algn to change places WITH sb
    no me cambiaría por ella I wouldn't change places with her, I wouldn't trade ( AmE) o ( BrE) swap places with her ( colloq)
    4 ( recípr) ‹estampas/sellos› to trade ( AmE), to swap ( BrE)
    nos hemos cambiado los relojes we've traded o swapped watches
    5 cambiarse de to change
    me cambié de sitio I changed places
    cambiarse de casa to move house
    cámbiate de camisa change your shirt
    6 (CS) (mudarse de casa) to move
    * * *

     

    cambiar ( conjugate cambiar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (alterar, modificar) ‹horario/imagen/persona› to change

    b) (de lugar, posición):


    cambié las flores de florero I put the flowers in a different vase
    c) ( reemplazar) ‹pieza/fecha/sábanas› to change;


    cambiarle el nombre a algo to change the name of sth
    d) ‹niño/bebé› to change

    e) (Fin) to change;

    cambié 100 libras a or (Esp) en dólares I changed 100 pounds into dollars
    2 ( canjear) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE);
    cambiar algo por algo ‹sellos/estampas› to swap o (esp AmE) trade sth for sth;
    ‹ compra› to exchange o change sth for sth;
    ◊ ¿quieres que te cambie el lugar? do you want me to swap o change places with you?

    verbo intransitivo
    a) [ciudad/persona] to change;


    le está cambiando la voz his voice is breaking
    b) (Auto) to change gear


    ◊ cambiar de avión/tren to change planes/train

    d) cambiar de algo ‹de tema/canal/color› to change sth;


    cambiar de sentido to make (AmE) o (BrE) do a U-turn
    cambiarse verbo pronominal

    b) ( refl) ‹camisa/nombre/peinado› to change;

    cambiarse de algo ‹de camisa/zapatos› to change sth;

    cambiarse de casa to move house;
    cámbiate de camisa change your shirt
    c) cambiarse por algn to change places with sb

    d) ( recípr) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE)


    cambiar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to change
    2 (cromos, etc) to swap, (en un comercio) exchange
    3 (un tipo de moneda por otro) to change
    II verbo intransitivo to change
    cambiar de casa, to move (house)
    cambiar de idea, to change one's mind
    cambiar de sitio, to move
    cambiar de trabajo, to get another job
    cambiar de velocidad, to change gear
    ' cambiar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bando
    - camisa
    - chaqueta
    - desnaturalizar
    - girar
    - idea
    - impresión
    - infranqueable
    - lucha
    - parecer
    - torna
    - tornar
    - trasladar
    - volverse
    - arrepentirse
    - color
    - lado
    - lugar
    - marcha
    - mudar
    - reubicar
    - tema
    - transformar
    - tren
    - variar
    - voltear
    - vuelta
    English:
    about-face
    - about-turn
    - abruptly
    - alter
    - anyhow
    - change
    - change around
    - change over
    - dead
    - debate
    - doctor
    - frame
    - gear
    - hold
    - into
    - lighting
    - mind
    - modify
    - move
    - move about
    - move around
    - move on
    - prerogative
    - rearrange
    - replace
    - reverse
    - shift
    - shift about
    - shift around
    - stationary
    - steadily
    - subject
    - swap
    - swap for
    - swap round
    - swing
    - switch
    - switch over
    - tack
    - think
    - tune
    - vary
    - barter
    - break
    - budge
    - course
    - disguise
    - exchange
    - get
    - hand
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [alterar, modificar] to change;
    han cambiado la fecha de salida they've changed o altered the departure date;
    quiere cambiar su imagen she wants to change her image;
    el divorcio lo ha cambiado por completo the divorce has changed him completely, he has changed completely since the divorce;
    cambió su sonrisa en llanto her smile turned to tears;
    tus disculpas no cambian nada your apologies don't change anything
    2. [trasladar] to move;
    tenemos que cambiar las sillas de lugar we have to move the chairs;
    cambiaron la sede central a Buenos Aires they moved their headquarters to Buenos Aires;
    lo van a cambiar a otro colegio they're going to move him to another school
    3. [reemplazar] [rueda, sábanas] to change;
    tenemos que cambiar la lavadora we have to get a new washing machine;
    tengo que cambiar el agua del acuario I have to change the water in the fish tank, I have to put some fresh water in the fish tank;
    cambiar un artículo defectuoso to exchange a faulty item;
    si no está satisfecho, lo puede cambiar if you're not satisfied with it, you can change it;
    tuve que cambiarle una rueda al coche I had to change one of the wheels on the car;
    cambiaré este tornillo por otro más largo I'll swap this screw for a longer one;
    Fam
    ¡cambia el disco o [m5]rollo, que ya aburres! you're getting boring! can't you talk about anything else?
    4. [intercambiar] to swap;
    cambiar cromos/sellos to swap picture cards/stamps;
    cambiar impresiones to compare notes, to exchange views;
    cambiar algo por algo to exchange sth for sth;
    cambié mi reloj por el suyo I swapped watches with him;
    he cambiado mi turno con un compañero I swapped shifts with a colleague;
    ¿te importaría cambiarme el sitio? would you mind swapping o changing places with me?
    5. [dinero] to change;
    en aquel banco cambian dinero they change money at that bank;
    ¿me podría cambiar este billete en monedas, por favor? could you give me change for this note in coins, please?;
    cambiar dólares en euros to change dollars into euros
    6. [bebé] to change
    ♦ vi
    1. [alterarse] to change;
    ha cambiado mucho desde el accidente she has changed a lot since the accident;
    la situación no ha cambiado mucho there has been little change in the situation;
    algunas personas no cambian nunca some people never change;
    ya crecerá y cambiará she'll change as she gets older;
    cambiar a mejor/peor to change for the better/worse;
    en ese caso, la cosa cambia that's different, that changes everything;
    le ha cambiado la voz his voice has broken
    2.
    cambiar de to change;
    cambiar de autobús/tren to change buses/trains;
    Fig
    cambiar de camisa/chaqueta to change one's shirt/jacket;
    cambiar de canal [de TV] to turn over, to change channels;
    cambiar de casa to move (house);
    cambiar de color to change colour;
    cambiar de dueño to change hands;
    cambiar de idea/intención to change one's mind/plans;
    cambiar de manos [dinero, vehículo] to change hands;
    cambiar de ritmo to change pace;
    cambiar de rumbo to change course;
    cambiar de sexo to have a sex change;
    cambiar de sitio to change place, to move;
    cambiar de táctica to change one's tactics;
    cambiar de trabajo to move o change jobs
    3. Aut [de marchas]
    cambiar (de marcha) to change gear;
    cambiar a segunda to change into second gear
    4. Meteo to change, to shift;
    el viento cambió the wind changed
    * * *
    I v/t change ( por for); compra exchange ( por for)
    II v/i change;
    cambiar de lugar change places;
    cambiar de marcha AUTO shift gear, Br change gear;
    cambiar de tren change trains;
    cambiar de coche get a new car;
    parecer change one’s mind
    * * *
    1) alterar, modificar: to change
    2) : to exchange, to trade
    1) : to change
    2)
    cambiar de velocidad : to shift gears
    * * *
    1. (en general) to change
    si no te va bien, te lo cambiaremos if it doesn't fit, we'll change it
    ¿dónde puede cambiar las libras en euros? where can I change my pounds into euros?
    2. to exchange / to swap [pt. & pp. swapped]
    cambiar de opinión / parecer to change your mind

    Spanish-English dictionary > cambiar

  • 6 INC

    3) Техника: incoming, input control system
    4) Шутливое выражение: Innovative New Cowboy
    5) Религия: In The Name Of Christ
    7) Физиология: Incomplete, Inconclusive
    8) Вычислительная техника: Internet computer
    9) Фирменный знак: The International Corporation
    10) Деловая лексика: National Continuous Index
    11) Автоматика: increasing
    14) Расширение файла: Assembler include file (MASM), Include file (several programming languages)
    16) Чат: In Need Of Cuddles
    17) Аэропорты: Yinchuan, Mainland China

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > INC

  • 7 Inc

    3) Техника: incoming, input control system
    4) Шутливое выражение: Innovative New Cowboy
    5) Религия: In The Name Of Christ
    7) Физиология: Incomplete, Inconclusive
    8) Вычислительная техника: Internet computer
    9) Фирменный знак: The International Corporation
    10) Деловая лексика: National Continuous Index
    11) Автоматика: increasing
    14) Расширение файла: Assembler include file (MASM), Include file (several programming languages)
    16) Чат: In Need Of Cuddles
    17) Аэропорты: Yinchuan, Mainland China

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Inc

  • 8 inc

    3) Техника: incoming, input control system
    4) Шутливое выражение: Innovative New Cowboy
    5) Религия: In The Name Of Christ
    7) Физиология: Incomplete, Inconclusive
    8) Вычислительная техника: Internet computer
    9) Фирменный знак: The International Corporation
    10) Деловая лексика: National Continuous Index
    11) Автоматика: increasing
    14) Расширение файла: Assembler include file (MASM), Include file (several programming languages)
    16) Чат: In Need Of Cuddles
    17) Аэропорты: Yinchuan, Mainland China

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > inc

  • 9 acceso

    m.
    1 entrance (entrada).
    2 access (paso).
    3 approach road (road).
    4 fit (ataque).
    un acceso de tos a fit of coughing
    5 outburst, seizure, onrush, outbreak.
    6 attack, bout.
    7 gateway.
    8 aditus.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: accesar.
    * * *
    1 (entrada) access, entry; (a una ciudad) approach
    2 (de tos) fit; (de fiebre) attack, bout
    3 figurado (ataque) fit, outburst
    4 INFORMÁTICA access
    \
    'Prohibido el acceso' "No admittance"
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) access, entry
    2) admittance, entrance
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=posibilidad de entrar) [a edificio, institución, mercado, documentos] access; [a competición] entry

    acceso prohibido, prohibido el acceso — no entry, no admittance

    (código de) acceso internacional — (Telec) international (dialling) code

    • dar acceso a — [+ lugar] to lead to; [+ institución] to give entry to; [+ competición] to provide a place in; [+ información] to give access to

    • de fácil acceso, un puerto de fácil acceso — a port with easy access

    • acceso gratuito — free admission

    2) (=llegada)
    a) [en coche] access

    • carretera o vía de acceso — [a ciudad] approach road; [a autovía] slip road

    b) [de avión] approach
    3) (=entrada) entrance
    4) (Univ) (=ingreso) entrance

    • curso de acceso — access course

    • prueba de acceso — entrance exam

    5) (Inform) access
    6) (=ataque)
    a) (Med) [de asma, fiebre] attack; [de tos] fit
    b) [de celos, cólera] fit; [de generosidad] display
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( a un lugar) access

    los accesos a la ciudad — roads into o approaches to the city

    b) (a persona, documento) access
    c) (Inf) access

    acceso aleatorio/secuencial — random/sequential access

    2)
    a) (a puesto, cargo) accession (frml)
    b) ( a curso) entrance
    3) (Med) attack

    en un acceso de ira/celos — in a fit of rage/jealousy

    * * *
    = access, admittance, login, entry, approach path.
    Ex. Access to the contents of data bases is via some computer-searching technique, often using an online terminal.
    Ex. New rules have made it possible to show films publicly with free admittance.
    Ex. Internet access for electronic messaging, file transfer, and remote login to computer was originally only available to individuals in education and research institutions.
    Ex. The entry, change, and extraction of word and phrases from abstracts is described in detail in Chapter 9.
    Ex. Approach paths to site should be wide and non-slippery with liberal use being made of ramps.
    ----
    * acceso abierto = open access (OA).
    * acceso a distancia = remote access.
    * acceso a la información por el autor = author approach.
    * acceso a la información por el título = title approach.
    * acceso a la información por la materia = subject approach to information, subject approach.
    * acceso aleatorio = random access.
    * acceso a los artículos de las publicaciones periódicas = article-level access.
    * acceso a los documentos = document delivery.
    * acceso concurrente = concurrent access.
    * acceso dedicado = dedicated access.
    * acceso de sólo lectura = read-only access.
    * acceso directo = direct access.
    * acceso en línea = online access.
    * acceso identificado = password access.
    * acceso libre = self-help, free access.
    * acceso mediante contraseña = password access.
    * acceso mediante línea telefónica = dial-access.
    * acceso mediante llamada telefónica = dial-in access, dial-up access, dial up phone line.
    * acceso múltiple = multiple access.
    * acceso para todos = access for all.
    * acceso por CD-ROM = CD-ROM access.
    * acceso por materias = subject access.
    * acceso público = public access.
    * acceso remoto = remote access.
    * acceso restringido = restricted access.
    * accesos = demand load.
    * acceso selectivo = selective access.
    * acceso simultáneo = concurrent access.
    * acceso sólo electrónico = e-only access.
    * acceso violento = paroxysm.
    * base de datos de acceso mediante suscripción = subscription database.
    * biblioteca de acceso restringido = closed-stack library.
    * biblioteca de libre acceso = open access library.
    * camino de acceso = approach path.
    * clave de acceso = password.
    * Comisión Europea para la Preservación y el Acceso (ECPA) = European Commission on Preservation and Access (ECPA).
    * conseguir acceso = gain + access, gain + admittance.
    * control de acceso = access control.
    * dar acceso = provide + access.
    * dar acceso a = give + access to.
    * de acceso público = publicly accessible.
    * de acceso rápido = fast-access.
    * de acceso restringido = closed access.
    * de fácil acceso = easily available, over the counter, handy.
    * derecho de acceso = access right.
    * derecho de acceso a la información = right of access to information.
    * estanterías de libre acceso = open shelves.
    * facilidad de acceso = reachability.
    * falta de acceso = unavailability.
    * fichero de acceso aleatorio = random access file.
    * fichero de punto de acceso = access-point file.
    * filtrar el acceso = filter + access.
    * fondo de acceso restringido = reserve collection.
    * fondo de recursos electrónicos de acceso restringido = electronic reserve.
    * fondos de acceso libre = open stacks.
    * fondos de acceso restringido = closed access collection, closed stacks, closed access stacks.
    * fondos de libre acceso = open access stacks.
    * igualdad de acceso = equity of access.
    * libertad de acceso a la lectura = freedom to read.
    * licencia de acceso = subscription license.
    * licencia de acceso a información electrónica = license [licence, -USA], licensing.
    * memoria de acceso aleatorio (RAM) = random access memory (RAM).
    * módulo de aceso de un portal = portlet.
    * módulo de catálogo de acceso público en línea = online public access catalogue module.
    * nombre de acceso = login.
    * nombre de acceso al sistema = system logon name.
    * obtener acceso = gain + access, gain + admittance.
    * ofrecer acceso = provide + access.
    * posibilidades de acceso = access capabilities.
    * programa de acceso a Internet = browser software.
    * programas de acceso = access software.
    * puerta de acceso = gateway.
    * punto de acceso = access point, entry point, entry term, index entry, retrieval access, search key, access point, service point, point of access, entrance point.
    * puntos de acceso = entry vocabulary.
    * rampa de acceso = ramp, access ramp.
    * servicio de acceso público = public delivery service.
    * sistema de acceso mediante tarjeta = card access system.
    * tarjeta de acceso = swipecard.
    * tener acceso a información confidencial = be on the inside.
    * tiempo de acceso = access time, seek time, access speed.
    * todo el mundo debe tener acceso a la información = access for all.
    * vía de acceso rápido = fast track.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( a un lugar) access

    los accesos a la ciudad — roads into o approaches to the city

    b) (a persona, documento) access
    c) (Inf) access

    acceso aleatorio/secuencial — random/sequential access

    2)
    a) (a puesto, cargo) accession (frml)
    b) ( a curso) entrance
    3) (Med) attack

    en un acceso de ira/celos — in a fit of rage/jealousy

    * * *
    = access, admittance, login, entry, approach path.

    Ex: Access to the contents of data bases is via some computer-searching technique, often using an online terminal.

    Ex: New rules have made it possible to show films publicly with free admittance.
    Ex: Internet access for electronic messaging, file transfer, and remote login to computer was originally only available to individuals in education and research institutions.
    Ex: The entry, change, and extraction of word and phrases from abstracts is described in detail in Chapter 9.
    Ex: Approach paths to site should be wide and non-slippery with liberal use being made of ramps.
    * acceso abierto = open access (OA).
    * acceso a distancia = remote access.
    * acceso a la información por el autor = author approach.
    * acceso a la información por el título = title approach.
    * acceso a la información por la materia = subject approach to information, subject approach.
    * acceso aleatorio = random access.
    * acceso a los artículos de las publicaciones periódicas = article-level access.
    * acceso a los documentos = document delivery.
    * acceso concurrente = concurrent access.
    * acceso dedicado = dedicated access.
    * acceso de sólo lectura = read-only access.
    * acceso directo = direct access.
    * acceso en línea = online access.
    * acceso identificado = password access.
    * acceso libre = self-help, free access.
    * acceso mediante contraseña = password access.
    * acceso mediante línea telefónica = dial-access.
    * acceso mediante llamada telefónica = dial-in access, dial-up access, dial up phone line.
    * acceso múltiple = multiple access.
    * acceso para todos = access for all.
    * acceso por CD-ROM = CD-ROM access.
    * acceso por materias = subject access.
    * acceso público = public access.
    * acceso remoto = remote access.
    * acceso restringido = restricted access.
    * accesos = demand load.
    * acceso selectivo = selective access.
    * acceso simultáneo = concurrent access.
    * acceso sólo electrónico = e-only access.
    * acceso violento = paroxysm.
    * base de datos de acceso mediante suscripción = subscription database.
    * biblioteca de acceso restringido = closed-stack library.
    * biblioteca de libre acceso = open access library.
    * camino de acceso = approach path.
    * clave de acceso = password.
    * Comisión Europea para la Preservación y el Acceso (ECPA) = European Commission on Preservation and Access (ECPA).
    * conseguir acceso = gain + access, gain + admittance.
    * control de acceso = access control.
    * dar acceso = provide + access.
    * dar acceso a = give + access to.
    * de acceso público = publicly accessible.
    * de acceso rápido = fast-access.
    * de acceso restringido = closed access.
    * de fácil acceso = easily available, over the counter, handy.
    * derecho de acceso = access right.
    * derecho de acceso a la información = right of access to information.
    * estanterías de libre acceso = open shelves.
    * facilidad de acceso = reachability.
    * falta de acceso = unavailability.
    * fichero de acceso aleatorio = random access file.
    * fichero de punto de acceso = access-point file.
    * filtrar el acceso = filter + access.
    * fondo de acceso restringido = reserve collection.
    * fondo de recursos electrónicos de acceso restringido = electronic reserve.
    * fondos de acceso libre = open stacks.
    * fondos de acceso restringido = closed access collection, closed stacks, closed access stacks.
    * fondos de libre acceso = open access stacks.
    * igualdad de acceso = equity of access.
    * libertad de acceso a la lectura = freedom to read.
    * licencia de acceso = subscription license.
    * licencia de acceso a información electrónica = license [licence, -USA], licensing.
    * memoria de acceso aleatorio (RAM) = random access memory (RAM).
    * módulo de aceso de un portal = portlet.
    * módulo de catálogo de acceso público en línea = online public access catalogue module.
    * nombre de acceso = login.
    * nombre de acceso al sistema = system logon name.
    * obtener acceso = gain + access, gain + admittance.
    * ofrecer acceso = provide + access.
    * posibilidades de acceso = access capabilities.
    * programa de acceso a Internet = browser software.
    * programas de acceso = access software.
    * puerta de acceso = gateway.
    * punto de acceso = access point, entry point, entry term, index entry, retrieval access, search key, access point, service point, point of access, entrance point.
    * puntos de acceso = entry vocabulary.
    * rampa de acceso = ramp, access ramp.
    * servicio de acceso público = public delivery service.
    * sistema de acceso mediante tarjeta = card access system.
    * tarjeta de acceso = swipecard.
    * tener acceso a información confidencial = be on the inside.
    * tiempo de acceso = access time, seek time, access speed.
    * todo el mundo debe tener acceso a la información = access for all.
    * vía de acceso rápido = fast track.

    * * *
    A
    1 (a un lugar) access
    el acceso al edificio no presenta ningún problema there is no problem gaining access to o getting into the building
    rutas de acceso approach roads
    los accesos a la ciudad están bloqueados roads into o approaches to the city are blocked
    esta puerta es el único acceso al jardín this door is the only way into o the only means of access to the garden
    rampa para acceso con silla de ruedas ramp for wheelchair access
    4 ( Inf) access
    Compuestos:
    random access
    sequential access
    B
    1 (a un puesto, cargo) accession ( frml)
    desde su acceso al poder since coming to o assuming power
    2 (a un curso) entrance
    pruebas de acceso entrance examinations
    curso de acceso preparatory course
    Compuesto:
    direct entry
    C ( Med) attack
    acceso de tos coughing fit
    acceso de fiebre attack of fever
    en un acceso de ira in a fit of rage
    acceso de celos fit of jealousy
    * * *

     

    acceso sustantivo masculino
    1


    b) (a persona, información) access

    c) (Inf) access

    2 ( a curso) entrance;

    curso de acceso preparatory course
    acceso sustantivo masculino
    1 (entrada) access, entry
    2 (ruta, camino, vía) approach, access
    3 (arrebato de ira, de alegría) fit
    Med (ataque de tos, de fiebre) fit
    4 Inform acceso aleatorio, random access
    acceso múltiple, multiaccess
    5 Univ (ingreso) prueba de acceso, entrance examination
    ' acceso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrir
    - bloquear
    - cerrar
    - desbloquear
    - entrada
    - escultórica
    - escultórico
    - franca
    - franco
    - restringir
    - sellar
    - clave
    - directo
    English:
    access
    - access road
    - approach
    - climb
    - concrete
    - entrance
    - fit
    - insider
    - open
    - ram
    - random access
    - service road
    - slip-road
    - spasm
    - specifically
    - ticket barrier
    - accession
    - admittance
    - ease
    - entry
    - pass
    - ramp
    - slip
    * * *
    acceso nm
    1. [entrada] entrance (a to);
    la policía vigila todos los accesos a la capital the police are watching all the approaches to the capital
    2. [paso] access (a to);
    un edificio con acceso para sillas de ruedas a building with wheelchair access;
    esta escalera da acceso a los pisos superiores this staircase gives access to the upper floors;
    tener acceso a algo to have access to sth;
    tiene acceso a información confidencial she has access to confidential information;
    quieren facilitar el acceso de los jóvenes a la vivienda they want to make it easier for young people to find a place of their own (to live)
    3. [a persona] access;
    es un profesor de fácil acceso he's a very accessible teacher
    4. [ataque] fit;
    [de fiebre, gripe] bout;
    un acceso de celos/de locura a fit of jealousy/madness
    5. Formal acceso carnal [acto sexual] sexual act
    6. Informát access;
    [a página Web] hit;
    acceso a Internet Internet access
    acceso aleatorio random access;
    acceso directo direct access;
    acceso remoto remote access;
    acceso secuencial sequential access
    * * *
    m
    1 a un lugar access;
    de difícil acceso inaccessible, difficult to get to
    2 INFOR access;
    acceso a Internet Internet access
    3 de fiebre attack, bout; de tos fit;
    acceso de rabia fit of anger
    * * *
    acceso nm
    1) : access
    2) : admittance, entrance
    * * *
    1. (en general) access
    2. (carretera) road / approach [pl. approaches]

    Spanish-English dictionary > acceso

  • 10 red

    f.
    1 net (malla).
    red de deriva drift net
    2 network, system (sistema).
    red ferroviaria rail network
    red viaria road network o system
    4 network (computing).
    red local/neuronal local (area)/neural network
    5 snare, trap, web.
    6 Red.
    * * *
    1 (gen) net
    2 (redecilla) hairnet
    3 (sistema) network, system
    5 INFORMÁTICA network
    \
    caer en la red / caer en las redes figurado to fall into the trap
    echar las redes to cast one's nets
    red barredera dragnet
    red comercial sales network
    red de carreteras road network
    red de supermercados chain of supermarkets
    red ferroviaria rail network, railway network
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) net
    * * *
    SF
    1) [para pescar] net; [de portería] net; [del pelo] hairnet; (=malla) mesh; (=para equipajes) (luggage) rack; (=cerca) fence; (=enrejado) grille

    red de alambre — wire mesh, wire netting

    2) [de cosas relacionadas] network; [de agua, suministro eléctrico] mains, main (EEUU), supply system; [de tiendas] chain

    la Red — (Internet) the Net

    con agua de la red — with mains water, with water from the mains

    red de área local — local network, local area network

    red ferroviaria — railway network, railway system

    red local — (Inform) local network, local area network

    3) (=trampa) snare, trap

    aprisionar a algn en sus redes — to have sb firmly in one's clutches, have sb well and truly snared

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( para pescar) net

    caer en las redes de alguien — to fall into somebody's clutches

    b) (Dep) net
    c) ( para pelo) hairnet
    d) ( en tren) (luggage) rack
    2) (de comunicaciones, emisoras, transportes) network; (de comercios, empresas) chain, network; (de espionaje, contrabando) ring
    3) ( de electricidad) power supply, mains; ( de gas) mains
    4)

    la Red — (Inf) the Net

    * * *
    = mesh [meshes, -pl.], network, nexus, dragnet, net, grid.
    Ex. Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready-made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified.
    Ex. Classification schemes specialise in showing networks of subjects and displaying the relationships between subjects, and thus are particularly suited to achieving the first objective.
    Ex. The future OPAC is likely to be one building block in a larger nexus of information structures.
    Ex. Now dragnets are being established ostensibly to feed children perceived to be hungry.
    Ex. Prior to releasing the ferret the rabbit holes are covered by nets held in place by stakes.
    Ex. Each card has a grid covering most of the body of the card which provides for the coding of document numbers.
    ----
    * ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).
    * aprendizaje a través de la red = electronic learning [e-learning].
    * ASTNFO (Red Regional para el Intercambio de Información y Experiencias de la = ASTINFO (Regional Network for the Exchange of Information and Experience in Science and Technology in Asia and the Pacific).
    * biblioteca en red = network library.
    * conectado a la red = wired.
    * conectado en red = networked.
    * conectar en red = network.
    * conexión a las redes = networking service.
    * cooperación en red = networking.
    * en red = networked.
    * entorno de redes = network environment, online environment.
    * escaparse de la red = fall through + the net.
    * estar accesible en red = go + online.
    * estructura de red = network structure.
    * fichero con estructura de red = networked file.
    * Grupo Asesor sobre Redes (NAG) = Network Advisory Group (NAG).
    * guerra a través de la red = netwar.
    * guerra en red = netwar.
    * hiper-red = metanetwork.
    * inclusión en el mundo de las redes = e-inclusion.
    * interconexión en red = networking.
    * LAN (red local) = LAN (Local Area Network).
    * navegar por la red = surf + the net, surf + the Web.
    * navegar por la red en busca de información = surf for + information.
    * nodo de la red = network node.
    * participación en red = networking.
    * poner en la red + Documento Impreso = webify + Documento Impreso.
    * programa de navegación por las redes = network navigator.
    * proveedor de información a través de la red = content provider.
    * recurso de la red = network resource.
    * red arterial de carreteras = road network.
    * red barredera = dragnet.
    * Red Bibliográfica Australiana (ABN) = Australian Bibliographic Network (ABN).
    * red comunitaria = networking community.
    * red cooperativa de bibliotecas = cooperative network.
    * red de agua potable = water mains.
    * red de agua potable, la = mains, the.
    * red de alcantarillado = drainage system.
    * red de antiguos compañeros = old boy network.
    * red de bibliotecas = library network, library system, library networking.
    * red de carreteras = road network.
    * red de catalogación = cataloguing network.
    * red de catálogos = catalogue network.
    * red de citación = citation network.
    * red de cocitas = cocitation cluster.
    * red de comunicaciones = communication(s) network.
    * red de comunicaciones europea = EURONET.
    * red de conocimiento = knowledge network.
    * red de contactos personales = referral network.
    * red de contrabando = smuggling ring.
    * red de electricidad = mains electricity.
    * red de electricidad, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.
    * red de fibra óptica = fibre optic network.
    * red de información = data network, information network.
    * red de intriga = web of intrigue.
    * red de larga distancia = long haul network.
    * red de ordenadores = computer network.
    * red de pescar = fishnet, fishing net.
    * red de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlibrary loan network.
    * red de recursos distribuidos = distributed environment.
    * red de seguridad = safety net.
    * red de suministro de agua potable = water mains.
    * red de suministro de agua potable, la = mains, the.
    * red de suministro de documentos = document supply network.
    * red de suministro eléctrico = mains electricity.
    * red de suministro, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.
    * red de supercomputación = grid computing.
    * red de telecomunicaciones = telecommunications network, trunking network.
    * red de telefonía móvil = mobile network.
    * red de teletexto = viewdata network.
    * red de trabajo = peer-to-peer network.
    * red de valor añadido (VAN) = VAN (value added network).
    * red de ventas = sales network.
    * red eléctrica = power grid, mains electricity.
    * red eléctrica, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.
    * red en forma de estrella = star network [star-network].
    * red en línea = online network.
    * redes sociales = social networking.
    * red inalámbrica = wireless network.
    * red informática = computer network.
    * Red Informativa de las Bibliotecas de Investigación en USA = RLIN.
    * red, la = Net, the.
    * red multibibliotecaria = multi-library network.
    * red neuronal = neural net, neural network.
    * red óptica = optical network.
    * red policial de captura = dragnet.
    * red por cable = cable network.
    * red privada = peer-to-peer network.
    * red privada virtual (VPN) = virtual private network (VPN).
    * red semántica = semantic network.
    * red social = network, social network.
    * red telefónica = telephone network, telephone system, phone system.
    * red telefónica conmutada = switched telephone network.
    * red telefónica por conmutación = PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).
    * seguridad de las redes = network security.
    * servicio de conexión a las redes = networking service.
    * servicios de red de valor añadido (VANS) = value added network services (VANS).
    * sistema en red = network system.
    * supercomputación en red = grid computing.
    * superred = super network.
    * tecnología de redes = networking technology.
    * teoría de actor-red = actor network theory.
    * trabajar en red = network.
    * trabajo en red = networking.
    * utilizar la red = go + online.
    * WAN (red de área amplia) = WAN (wide area network).
    * WAN (red de gran alcance) = WAN (wide area network).
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( para pescar) net

    caer en las redes de alguien — to fall into somebody's clutches

    b) (Dep) net
    c) ( para pelo) hairnet
    d) ( en tren) (luggage) rack
    2) (de comunicaciones, emisoras, transportes) network; (de comercios, empresas) chain, network; (de espionaje, contrabando) ring
    3) ( de electricidad) power supply, mains; ( de gas) mains
    4)

    la Red — (Inf) the Net

    * * *
    la red
    = Net, the

    Ex: New measures aimed at tightening up the control of pornography on the Net could result in the sacrifice of freedom of speech.

    = mesh [meshes, -pl.], network, nexus, dragnet, net, grid.

    Ex: Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready-made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified.

    Ex: Classification schemes specialise in showing networks of subjects and displaying the relationships between subjects, and thus are particularly suited to achieving the first objective.
    Ex: The future OPAC is likely to be one building block in a larger nexus of information structures.
    Ex: Now dragnets are being established ostensibly to feed children perceived to be hungry.
    Ex: Prior to releasing the ferret the rabbit holes are covered by nets held in place by stakes.
    Ex: Each card has a grid covering most of the body of the card which provides for the coding of document numbers.
    * ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).
    * aprendizaje a través de la red = electronic learning [e-learning].
    * ASTNFO (Red Regional para el Intercambio de Información y Experiencias de la = ASTINFO (Regional Network for the Exchange of Information and Experience in Science and Technology in Asia and the Pacific).
    * biblioteca en red = network library.
    * conectado a la red = wired.
    * conectado en red = networked.
    * conectar en red = network.
    * conexión a las redes = networking service.
    * cooperación en red = networking.
    * en red = networked.
    * entorno de redes = network environment, online environment.
    * escaparse de la red = fall through + the net.
    * estar accesible en red = go + online.
    * estructura de red = network structure.
    * fichero con estructura de red = networked file.
    * Grupo Asesor sobre Redes (NAG) = Network Advisory Group (NAG).
    * guerra a través de la red = netwar.
    * guerra en red = netwar.
    * hiper-red = metanetwork.
    * inclusión en el mundo de las redes = e-inclusion.
    * interconexión en red = networking.
    * LAN (red local) = LAN (Local Area Network).
    * navegar por la red = surf + the net, surf + the Web.
    * navegar por la red en busca de información = surf for + information.
    * nodo de la red = network node.
    * participación en red = networking.
    * poner en la red + Documento Impreso = webify + Documento Impreso.
    * programa de navegación por las redes = network navigator.
    * proveedor de información a través de la red = content provider.
    * recurso de la red = network resource.
    * red arterial de carreteras = road network.
    * red barredera = dragnet.
    * Red Bibliográfica Australiana (ABN) = Australian Bibliographic Network (ABN).
    * red comunitaria = networking community.
    * red cooperativa de bibliotecas = cooperative network.
    * red de agua potable = water mains.
    * red de agua potable, la = mains, the.
    * red de alcantarillado = drainage system.
    * red de antiguos compañeros = old boy network.
    * red de bibliotecas = library network, library system, library networking.
    * red de carreteras = road network.
    * red de catalogación = cataloguing network.
    * red de catálogos = catalogue network.
    * red de citación = citation network.
    * red de cocitas = cocitation cluster.
    * red de comunicaciones = communication(s) network.
    * red de comunicaciones europea = EURONET.
    * red de conocimiento = knowledge network.
    * red de contactos personales = referral network.
    * red de contrabando = smuggling ring.
    * red de electricidad = mains electricity.
    * red de electricidad, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.
    * red de fibra óptica = fibre optic network.
    * red de información = data network, information network.
    * red de intriga = web of intrigue.
    * red de larga distancia = long haul network.
    * red de ordenadores = computer network.
    * red de pescar = fishnet, fishing net.
    * red de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlibrary loan network.
    * red de recursos distribuidos = distributed environment.
    * red de seguridad = safety net.
    * red de suministro de agua potable = water mains.
    * red de suministro de agua potable, la = mains, the.
    * red de suministro de documentos = document supply network.
    * red de suministro eléctrico = mains electricity.
    * red de suministro, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.
    * red de supercomputación = grid computing.
    * red de telecomunicaciones = telecommunications network, trunking network.
    * red de telefonía móvil = mobile network.
    * red de teletexto = viewdata network.
    * red de trabajo = peer-to-peer network.
    * red de valor añadido (VAN) = VAN (value added network).
    * red de ventas = sales network.
    * red eléctrica = power grid, mains electricity.
    * red eléctrica, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.
    * red en forma de estrella = star network [star-network].
    * red en línea = online network.
    * redes sociales = social networking.
    * red inalámbrica = wireless network.
    * red informática = computer network.
    * Red Informativa de las Bibliotecas de Investigación en USA = RLIN.
    * red, la = Net, the.
    * red multibibliotecaria = multi-library network.
    * red neuronal = neural net, neural network.
    * red óptica = optical network.
    * red policial de captura = dragnet.
    * red por cable = cable network.
    * red privada = peer-to-peer network.
    * red privada virtual (VPN) = virtual private network (VPN).
    * red semántica = semantic network.
    * red social = network, social network.
    * red telefónica = telephone network, telephone system, phone system.
    * red telefónica conmutada = switched telephone network.
    * red telefónica por conmutación = PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).
    * seguridad de las redes = network security.
    * servicio de conexión a las redes = networking service.
    * servicios de red de valor añadido (VANS) = value added network services (VANS).
    * sistema en red = network system.
    * supercomputación en red = grid computing.
    * superred = super network.
    * tecnología de redes = networking technology.
    * teoría de actor-red = actor network theory.
    * trabajar en red = network.
    * trabajo en red = networking.
    * utilizar la red = go + online.
    * WAN (red de área amplia) = WAN (wide area network).
    * WAN (red de gran alcance) = WAN (wide area network).

    * * *
    A
    caer en las redes de algn to fall into sb's clutches
    2 ( Dep) net
    subir a la red to go up to o go into the net
    3 (para el pelo) hairnet
    4 (en el tren) rack, luggage rack
    Compuesto:
    drift net, trawl net
    B (de comunicaciones, emisoras) network; (de comercios, empresas) chain, network
    red de carreteras/ferrocarriles network of roads/railways
    red hotelera hotel chain
    una red de espionaje/narcotraficantes a spy ring/drug-trafficking ring
    Compuestos:
    ● red de área extendida or extensa
    ( Inf) wide area network, WAN
    local area network, LAN
    vice ring
    television network
    integrated services digital network, ISDN
    ( Inf) neural network
    C (de electricidad) power supply, mains; (de gas) mains
    todavía no han conectado el barrio a la red the neighborhood has not been connected up to the mains o to the power supply yet
    antes de conectarlo a la red before connecting it to the mains o ( AmE) to the house current
    Compuesto:
    sewage system
    D la Red ( Inf) the Net
    * * *

     

    red sustantivo femenino
    1

    b) (Dep) net



    2 (de comunicaciones, emisoras, transportes) network;
    (de comercios, empresas) chain, network;
    (de espionaje, contrabando) ring
    3 ( de electricidad) power supply, mains;
    ( de gas) mains
    4
    ◊ la Red (Inf) the Net

    red sustantivo femenino
    1 (de pesca, etc) net
    (del pelo) hairnet
    (malla) mesh
    2 (de comunicaciones, transporte, distribución, etc) network
    red de espionaje, spy ring
    red de seguridad, safety net
    (eléctrica) mains pl
    3 (comercio, empresa) chain
    red hotelera, hotel chain
    4 fig (trampa) trap
    ♦ Locuciones: (ser engañado) caer en la red, to fall into the trap
    (ser embaucado) caer en las redes de alguien, to fall into sb's clutches
    ' red' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amargada
    - amargado
    - barrio
    - bofetada
    - brasa
    - cadena
    - candente
    - Caperucita Roja
    - capricho
    - cartulina
    - casa
    - colorada
    - colorado
    - conectar
    - cruz
    - cuestación
    - dedo
    - dentro
    - desarticular
    - dos
    - encenderse
    - enchufar
    - enrojecer
    - ser
    - escollo
    - espionaje
    - estancarse
    - expeler
    - flagrante
    - fogón
    - fondo
    - formulismo
    - ir
    - glóbulo
    - hematíe
    - in fraganti
    - infrarroja
    - infrarrojo
    - lombarda
    - mancha
    - mano
    - minio
    - morrón
    - ninguna
    - ninguno
    - número
    - obnubilarse
    - pelirroja
    - pelirrojo
    - pimentón
    English:
    balding
    - blood
    - blusher
    - cast
    - convertible
    - crash
    - fishing net
    - grid
    - hereditary
    - highlight
    - in
    - infrared
    - infrastructure
    - main
    - net
    - network
    - nickname
    - ours
    - paint
    - pepper
    - poppy
    - probably
    - push
    - radio network
    - rag
    - read
    - readily
    - readiness
    - ready
    - ready-cooked
    - ready-made
    - red
    - red light
    - red light district
    - Red Riding Hood
    - Red Sea
    - red tape
    - red-haired
    - red-handed
    - red-hot
    - redden
    - reddish
    - regiment
    - register
    - registered
    - registrar
    - registration
    - registry
    - ring
    - safety net
    * * *
    red nf
    1. [de pesca, caza] net;
    también Fig
    echar o [m5] tender las redes to cast one's net;
    caer en las redes de alguien to fall into sb's trap
    red de arrastre dragnet;
    red de deriva drift net
    2. [en tenis, voleibol, fútbol] net;
    subir a la red [en tenis] to go into the net
    3. [para cabello] hairnet
    4. [sistema] network, system;
    [de electricidad] esp Br mains [singular], US source; [de agua] esp Br mains [singular], esp US main;
    una red de traficantes a network o ring of traffickers;
    conectar algo a la red to connect sth to the mains
    red de distribución distribution network;
    red eléctrica mains [singular];
    red ferroviaria rail network;
    red hidrográfica river system o network;
    Biol red trófica food chain;
    red viaria road network o system
    5. [organización] [de espionaje] ring;
    [de narcotraficantes] network; [de tiendas, hoteles] chain
    6. Informát network;
    la Red [Internet] the Net;
    lo encontré en la Red I found it on the Net;
    la Red de redes [Internet] the Internet
    red en anillo ring network;
    red de área extensa wide area network;
    red de área local local area network;
    red ciudadana freenet;
    red de datos (data) network;
    red local local (area) network;
    red neuronal neural network;
    red troncal backbone
    * * *
    f
    net;
    echar la red cast the net;
    caer en las redes de fig fall into the clutches of
    2 INFOR, fig
    network;
    la red INFOR the Web;
    red de transportes/comunicaciones transportation/communications network
    * * *
    red nf
    1) : net, mesh
    2) : network, system, chain
    3) : trap, snare
    * * *
    red n
    1. (malla) net
    2. (comunicaciones) network

    Spanish-English dictionary > red

  • 11 por

    prep.
    1 because of (causa).
    por mí no te preocupes don't worry about me
    ¿por qué? why?
    ¿por qué lo dijo? why did she say it?
    ¿por qué no vienes? why don't you come?
    ¿por? (informal) why?
    se enfadó por tu comportamiento she got angry because of your behavior
    lo hizo por amor he did it out of o for love
    2 (in order) to.
    lo hizo por complacerte he did it to please you
    lo hice por ella I did it for her
    3 by (medio, modo, agente).
    por mensajero/fax/teléfono by courier/fax/telephone
    estuvimos hablando por teléfono we were talking on the phone
    por escrito in writing
    lo cogieron por el brazo they took him by the arm
    el récord fue batido por el atleta the record was broken by the athlete
    4 through.
    vamos por aquí/allí let's go this/that way
    iba paseando por el bosque/la calle she was walking through the forest/along the street
    pasar por la aduana to go through customs
    5 for (a cambio de, en lugar de).
    lo ha comprado por poco dinero she bought it for very little
    cambió el coche por la moto he exchanged his car for a motorbike
    él lo hará por mí he'll do it for me
    6 per.
    mil unidades por semana a thousand units a o per week
    uno por uno one by one
    20 kms por hora 20 km an o per hour
    7 for.
    baja por tabaco go down to the shops for some cigarettes, go down to get some cigarettes
    a por for
    vino a por las entradas she came for the tickets
    8 times, multiplied by.
    * * *
    1 (gen) for
    2 (a través de) through, by
    3 (calle, carretera) along, down, up
    ■ íbamos por la calle cuando... we were walking along the street when...
    4 (lugar aproximado) in, near, round
    5 (causa) because of
    6 (tiempo) at, for
    7 (medio) by
    10 (tras) by
    12 (a favor de) for, in favour of, US in favor of
    14 (en lugar de) instead of, in the place of
    15 (multiplicado por) times, multiplied by
    ■ tres por cuatro, doce three fours are twelve, three times four is twelve
    16 por adjective que no matter how adjective
    ■ por caro que sea, lo voy a comprar no matter how expensive it is I'm going to buy it
    ■ por viejo que parezca funciona even though it looks old, it still works
    \
    estar por + inf (a punto de) to be on the point of + - ing
    estar por hacer to remain to be done, not to have been done yet
    por aquí around here
    por lo tanto therefore
    por lo visto apparently
    por más que + subjuntivo however much, no matter how much
    por mucho que + subjuntivo however much, no matter how much
    por mí as far as I am concerned
    ¿por qué? why?
    por supuesto of course
    por tanto therefore, so
    * * *
    prep.
    1) for
    3) by
    7) per
    8) from
    •
    * * *
    PREPOSICIÓN
    1) [causa]
    a) + sustantivo because of

    • nos encontramos por casualidad — we met by chance

    • lo hago por gusto — I do it because I like to

    • por temor a — for fear of

    b) + infin
    c) + adj
    2) [objetivo]
    a) + sustantivo for
    b) + infin

    por no llegar tarde — so as not to arrive late, in order not to be late

    3) (=en favor, defensa de) for

    hazlo por mí — do it for me, do it for my sake

    4) [elección]
    5) [evidencia] judging by, judging from

    por lo que dicen — judging by o from what they say

    por la cara que pone no debe de gustarle — judging by o from his face I don't think he likes it

    por las señas no piensa hacerlo — apparently he's not intending to do it, it doesn't seem like he's intending to do it

    6) [medio]

    • por correo — by post

    • por mar — by sea

    • hablar por señas — to use sign language

    7) [agente] by

    "dirigido por" — "directed by"

    8) [modo] by

    • por orden alfabético — in alphabetical order

    9) [lugar]

    ¿por dónde? — which way?

    10) [aproximación]

    por aquí cerca — near o around here

    por la feria — round about o around carnival time

    11) [tiempo]
    12) [duración] for
    13) [sustitución, intercambio] (=a cambio de) for; (=en lugar de) instead of
    14) [representación]

    interceder por algn — to intercede on sb's behalf, intercede for sb

    vino por su jefe — he came instead of o in place of his boss

    15) [distribución]

    80km por hora — 80km per o an hour

    tres dólares por persona — three dollars each, three dollars per person

    16) [en multiplicaciones]

    cinco por tres, quince — five times three is fifteen, five threes are fifteen

    17) (=en cuanto a)

    por mí no hay inconveniente — that's fine as o so far as I'm concerned

    por mí, que se vaya — as o so far as I'm concerned he can go, for all I care he can go

    por mí, como si quieres pasar una semana sin comer — I don't care if you want to go for a week without eating

    si por mi fuera, tú estarías trabajando — if it were o was down to me, you'd be working

    18) (=como)

    • tomar a algn por esposo/esposa — to take sb to be one's husband/wife

    • le tienen por tonto — they think he's stupid

    19) [concesión]
    + subjun

    por mucho que lo quisieran — however much they would like to, much as they would like to

    por más que lo intente — no matter how o however hard I try, try as I might

    20) [acción inacabada]
    + infin
    21) ir (a) por algo/algn (=en busca de) to go and get sth/sb

    voy a por él — [a buscarle] I'll go and get him; [a atacarle] I'm going to get him

    solo van a por las pelas — * they're only in it for the money

    ¡a por ellos! — get them!

    22) [en preguntas]
    por qué why

    ¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

    ¿por? * why (do you ask)?
    * * *
    1) ( en relaciones causales) because of

    por falta de dinero — because of o owing to lack of money

    si no fuera por mi hijo... — if it wasn't for my son...

    por + inf — for -ing

    2) ( según)

    por lo que parece... — it seems o it would seem...

    ¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

    por si — in case; acaso, mosca II

    por más que me esfuerzo — however hard o no matter how hard I try

    por (muy) fácil que sea — however easy o no matter how easy it is

    5)

    colócalos por orden de tamaño/altura — put them in order of size/height

    por avión/barco/carretera — by air/sea/road

    me enteré por un amigo — I heard from o through a friend

    c) (Educ) from
    6)

    cobra $30 por clase — he charges $30 a o per class

    uno por uno — one by one; ciento II

    tres por cuatro (son) doce — three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

    7)
    a) (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación) for
    b) ( como)

    ¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? — do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

    9) (expresando finalidad, objetivo)

    por + inf: daría cualquier cosa por verla — I'd give anything to see her

    por que + subj ( here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan — he was eager for them to listen to him

    10) (indicando consideración, favor) for
    11) (indicando inclinación, elección)

    salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan — he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

    por mí que haga lo que quiera — as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

    por + inf: tengo la casa por limpiar — I've got the house to clean

    15) (esp AmL)

    estar por + inf — ( estar a punto de)

    16) (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria)

    ¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? — does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

    ¿por dónde has venido? — which way did you come?

    ¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? — could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

    17)

    ¿por dónde está or queda el hotel? — whereabouts is the hotel?

    ¿qué tal te fue por Londres? — how did you get on in London?

    por todos lados or por todas partes — everywhere

    voy por la página 15 — I'm up to o I'm on page 15

    pasa un trapo por el piso — give the floor a quick wipe; ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera, encima, etc

    por aquella época or por aquel entonces — at that time

    19) (Esp) ( indicando una ocasión) for
    20) ( durante) for

    por el momento or por ahora — for the time being o for now; ver tb mañana III, tarde II, noche

    * * *
    = across, along, around, because of, by, by, down, for the sake of, in connection with, in the gift of, on account of, on the grounds that/of, per, through, times, under, x, as a matter of, out of, through the agency of.
    Ex. This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.
    Ex. This means that a large number of messages can be combined together along the same line, giving economies of scales.
    Ex. I wouldn't expect you to be detailed in your report in terms of where the bookmible would stop around town and where you'd park it.
    Ex. This makes him feel somehow defficient and all because of his difficulty in making sense out of words in print with which his troubles began.
    Ex. A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.
    Ex. Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.
    Ex. Some users find the format of KWIC indexes unacceptable, they find alphabetical arrangement by keywords down the centre of a page, and wrapped-round titles awkward.
    Ex. The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.
    Ex. There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.
    Ex. Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.
    Ex. Partly on account of the variety of bases for coverage there is significant overlap between the assortment of abstracting and indexing services.
    Ex. AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.
    Ex. Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.
    Ex. The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.
    Ex. 4 days times 30 cents per day = 120 cents.
    Ex. One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.
    Ex. Card catalogues or indexes comprise a set of cards often 5x3 inches (122x72 mm), with each entry on a separate card.
    Ex. Most drivers stop at stop signs: Some do under duress -- there may be a policeman concealed in nearby bushes, others as a matter of prudence -- a fast car with the right of way can be injurious.
    Ex. But these and other interested people collected this type of books out of a mixture of curiosity and sentiment.
    Ex. This article argues that critical thinking, a long sought after goal in the US educational system, may be taught efficiently through the agency of library use instructions within the college environment.
    ----
    * actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.
    * aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).
    * aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.
    * búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.
    * coger por sorpresa = catch out.
    * Día + por la tarde = late + Día.
    * digamos por ejemplo = let us say.
    * dominar por completo = sweep + the board.
    * encontrar por casualidad = come across.
    * encuadernación por encargo = bespoke binding.
    * error por omisión = omission failure.
    * estar por delante de = be ahead of.
    * hecho por encargo = bespoke.
    * introducir por primera vez = pioneer.
    * leer por encima = browse.
    * llamar por teléfono = call up.
    * muy por encima de todo = over and above all.
    * Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.
    * ordenado por fecha = in date order.
    * pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], skip over, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by.
    * pongamos por ejemplo = let us say.
    * por accidente = accidentally.
    * por adelantado = advance, in advance (of), up-front [up front].
    * por ahí = out there.
    * por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.
    * por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.
    * por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.
    * por algún motivo = for whatever reason.
    * por algún tiempo = for sometime.
    * por allí = nearby [near-by].
    * por amor al arte = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por analogía = by analogy.
    * por anticipado = in advance (of).
    * por antonomasia = quintessential, unique.
    * por añadidura = in addition (to), on top of everything else.
    * por aquel entonces = at the time, about that time, by this time.
    * por aquí = around here, nearby [near-by], round here.
    * por aquí y por allí = hanging about.
    * por así decir = as it were.
    * por boca de = by word of mouth.
    * por bondad = out of the goodness of + Posesivo + heart.
    * por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.
    * por buen camino = a step in the right direction.
    * por cabeza = per person.
    * por cable = wireline, corded.
    * por caminos apartados = off-road.
    * por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], layered, tiered.
    * por casualidad = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.
    * por chiripa = by chance, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.
    * por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).
    * por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.
    * por coincidencia = by coincidence.
    * por comodidad = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.
    * por completo = fully.
    * por confirmar = to be announced, to be confirmed.
    * por consideración a = out of respect for.
    * por consideración a = out of consideration for.
    * por consiguiente = consequently, then, thence, by implication, therefore.
    * por contra = in contrast.
    * por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.
    * por correo = by post, mailed.
    * por cortesía de = courtesy of.
    * por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.
    * por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.
    * por cuanto que = because.
    * por cuenta ajena = vicariously.
    * por cuenta de uno = privately.
    * por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.
    * por curiosidad = out of curiosity.
    * por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.
    * por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.
    * por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.
    * por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.
    * por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.
    * por debajo de las posibilidades = below + Posesivo + capabilities.
    * por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.
    * por debajo de lo óptimo = sub-optimal [suboptimal].
    * por debajo del peso nomral = underweight.
    * por décadas = ten-yearly.
    * por decidir = to be decided.
    * por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.
    * por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.
    * por decirlo de algún modo = in a manner of speaking, so to speak.
    * por decisión propia = by choice.
    * por defecto = by default, default.
    * por deferencia a = in deference to.
    * por definición = by definition.
    * por delante = ahead.
    * por delante de = ahead of.
    * por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.
    * por delante y por detrás = front and back.
    * por dentro = inwardly.
    * por desgracia = unfortunately, sadly, unhappily, disappointingly.
    * por despecho = spitefully, out of spite.
    * ¡por dios! = in heaven's name, for God's sake, gosh.
    * ¡por Dios! = for crying out loud!.
    * por diversión = for sport, for fun, (just) for the hell of (doing) it, for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it.
    * por divertirse = for kicks.
    * por doquier = all around.
    * por dos años = two-year.
    * por ejemplo = e.g. (latín - exempli gratia), for example, for instance, say, to illustrate, for the sake of + argument.
    * por (el) amor a = for the love of.
    * ¡por el amor de Dios! = for crying out loud!.
    * por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.
    * por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * por el cual = whereby, whereupon.
    * por el detalle = for detail.
    * por el día = by day, daytime [day-time], during the daytime, in the daytime, during daytime.
    * por el día o por la noche = day or night.
    * por el día y por la noche = day and night, night and day.
    * por elección propia = by choice.
    * por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.
    * por el gobierno federal = federally.
    * por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.
    * por el hombre = humanly.
    * por ello = on this basis, on that basis, accordingly.
    * por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.
    * por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.
    * por el modo = by the way.
    * por el momento = for the time being, momentarily, at the moment, for the nonce, for the present.
    * por el placer de hacerlo = (just) for the fun of (doing) it.
    * por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.
    * por el receptor = at the receiving end.
    * por el sexo = gendered.
    * por encargo = custom, bespoke.
    * por encima = overhead, cursorily.
    * por encima de = across, beyond, beyond all, over, over and above, beyond the range of, well over + Expresión Numérica, overarching, above.
    * por encima de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.
    * por encima de eso = beyond that.
    * por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.
    * por encima de la media = above average.
    * por encima de la tierra = aboveground.
    * por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.
    * por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.
    * por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.
    * por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.
    * por ende = thereby, accordingly, therefore.
    * por enfado = out of anger.
    * por enojo = out of anger.
    * por error = by mistake.
    * por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.
    * por escrito = in writing, in print, written.
    * por eso = on that score, therefore.
    * por eso que = hence.
    * por esta razón = for this reason.
    * por esta única razón = for this reason alone.
    * por este motivo = for this reason.
    * por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.
    * por etapas = staged.
    * por excelencia = par excellence, quintessential, unique.
    * por exceso = excessively, to excess.
    * por explotar = untapped.
    * por + Expresión Temporal = by the + Expresión Temporal.
    * por extensión = by extension.
    * por extenso = in full, at length.
    * por falta de = for want of, for lack of.
    * por fases = staged.
    * por favor = please.
    * por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].
    * por fin = at length, at last, finally, at long last.
    * por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).
    * por frustración = out of frustration.
    * por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.
    * por grupos = in batches.
    * por gusto = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por hora = hourly.
    * por horas = on an hourly basis.
    * por igual = alike, on an equitable basis, equally, in equal measure(s).
    * por imitación = copycat.
    * por incremento gradual = incremental.
    * por incrementos graduales = incrementally.
    * por individuo = per capita, per person.
    * por iniciativa de = at the instigation of, under the auspices of.
    * por instinto = instinctively.
    * por interés = out of interest.
    * por interés personal = self-interested.
    * por investigar = unresearched.
    * por invitación = invitational.
    * por invitación de = at the invitation of.
    * por la borda = overboard.
    * por la cantidad de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.
    * por la forma = by the way.
    * por la friolera de + Cantidad = to the tune of + Cantidad.
    * por la fuerza = forcibly.
    * por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.
    * por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.
    * por la manera = by the way.
    * por la mañana = in the morning.
    * por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.
    * por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.
    * por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.
    * por la presente = hereby.
    * por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.
    * por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.
    * por las nubes = soaring.
    * por la tarde = in the evening.
    * por ley = mandated.
    * por libre = freelance.
    * por línea telefónica = over the telephone line.
    * por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.
    * por lo pronto = for the time being.
    * por lo que = so.
    * por lo que concierne a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, so far as + Nombre + be concerned.
    * por lo que concierne a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.
    * por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.
    * por lo que es = in + Posesivo + own right.
    * por lo que incumbe a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.
    * ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.
    * por lo que se refiere a = moving on to.
    * por lo que son = in + Posesivo + own right.
    * por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.
    * por los pelos = by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, close call, close shave.
    * por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.
    * por los suelos = in tatters.
    * por lo tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.
    * por lo visto = apparently, apparently.
    * por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.
    * por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.
    * por mal camino = astray.
    * por más que lo intento = for the life of me.
    * por materias = subject-based, topically.
    * por mecionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention only a few.
    * por medio = out of.
    * por medio de = by means of, by way of, in the form of, through, via, via the medium of, by dint of, through the agency of.
    * por medio de isótopos = isotopically.
    * por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.
    * por medio de una agencia = on a bureau basis.
    * por mencionar sólo algunos = to mention but a few of, to mention only a few.
    * por mencionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention but a few of, to name only some.
    * por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.
    * por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.
    * por menús = menu-driven.
    * por méritos = meritorious.
    * por mes = per month.
    * por miedo de = for fear of/that.
    * por millones = in the millions, by the millions.
    * por mor de = because of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.
    * por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.
    * por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.
    * por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.
    * por muchas razones = in many ways.
    * por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.
    * por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.
    * por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + que + Subjuntivo = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + Verbo.
    * por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.
    * por muy + Adjetivo + be = Adjetivo + though + Nombre + be.
    * por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.
    * por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.
    * por muy mentira que parezca = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, strangely enough, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.
    * por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * por nada = for nothing.
    * por nada del mundo = for the life of me.
    * por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.
    * por naturaleza = by nature, by definition, characteristically, natural-born, naturally, inherently.
    * por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.
    * por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.
    * por no decir algo peor = to put it mildly.
    * por no decir nada de = to say nothing of.
    * por no decir nunca = if ever.
    * por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.
    * por nombrar (sólo) + Número = to name (only) + Número.
    * por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.
    * por nombrar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.
    * por + Nombre = on a + Adjetivo + basis.
    * por no mencionar = not to mention.
    * por norma = as a rule.
    * por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.
    * por orden de = mandated.
    * por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.
    * por orden de llegada = on a first come first served basis.
    * por orden numérico = in numerical order.
    * por otra parte = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side.
    * por otro lado = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * por parejas = in pairs.
    * por parte de = on the part of.
    * por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.
    * por pasar el rato = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por pereza = lazily.
    * por + Período de Tiempo = for + Expresión Temporal.
    * por persona = per person.
    * por placer = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por poco dinero = cheaply.
    * por poco o nada = at little or no extra cost.
    * por poderes = by proxy.
    * por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.
    * por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.
    * por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por + Posesivo + parte = for + Posesivo + part.
    * por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.
    * por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.
    * por principio = on principle.
    * por principios = as a matter of principle.
    * por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.
    * por + Pronombre + mismo = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.
    * por propia iniciativa = self-directed.
    * por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.
    * por pura diversión = for kicks.
    * por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por qué = why.
    * por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.
    * por razones de = for the sake of.
    * por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.
    * por razones éticas = on moral grounds.
    * por razones morales = on moral grounds.
    * por razones personales = for personal reasons.
    * por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.
    * por rencor = out of spite.
    * por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.
    * por rumores = grapevine.
    * por rutina = routinely.
    * por sacos = by the sackful.
    * por satélite = satellite-based.
    * por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.
    * por seguridad = for safety reasons.
    * por semana = per week.
    * por separado = at different times, in isolation, separately, singly.
    * por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.
    * por sexo = along gender lines.
    * por si = in the chance that.
    * por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec, for good measure.
    * por si casualidad = in the chance that.
    * por si era poco = for good measure.
    * por si fuera poco = to boot, for good measure, to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.
    * por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.
    * por sí mismo = for its/their own sake, in itself, in + Posesivo + own right, itself, unto + Reflexivo, in and of + Reflexivo.
    * por sí mismos = in themselves.
    * por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.
    * por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].
    * por sí solo = by itself, for its/their own sake, on its own, in and of + Reflexivo, in itself.
    * por sí solos = by themselves, in themselves.
    * por si + tener + suerte = on spec.
    * por sorpresa = unawares.
    * por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.
    * por suerte = luckily, fortunately, happily.
    * por suerte o por desgracia = for better or (for) worse, by luck or misfortune.
    * por su naturaleza = by + Posesivo + nature.
    * por su papel = in its role.
    * por su parte = in + Posesivo + own right.
    * por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.
    * por su propio derecho = in + Posesivo + own right.
    * por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.
    * ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid, heaven forbid.
    * por suscripción = subscriber + Nombre.
    * por su volatilidad = mercurially.
    * por su volubilidad = mercurially.
    * por tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.
    * por teléfono = on the telephone, by tele(phone), over the phone, over the telephone.
    * por temas = topically.
    * por temor a = for fear of/that.
    * por temor a represalias = under duress.
    * por término medio = on average.
    * por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].
    * por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.
    * por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].
    * por toda la provincia = province-wide.
    * por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].
    * por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.
    * por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.
    * por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].
    * por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.
    * por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].
    * por todo el continente = continent-wide.
    * por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].
    * por todo el gobierno = government-wide.
    * por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.
    * por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.
    * por todo el servicio = service-wide.
    * por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.
    * por todo + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.
    * por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.
    * por todos conocido = well-known.
    * por todos lados = left, right and centre, far and wide.
    * por todos los medios = by all means.
    * por todos sitios = everywhere.
    * por triplicado = in triplicate.
    * por trueque = in kind.
    * por turnos = on a rotating basis, on a rota basis, on a rota system, on a rota.
    * por última vez = for the last time, one last time.
    * por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.
    * por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.
    * por una lado... por otro = at one end... at the other.
    * por unanimidad = unanimously.
    * por una parte = on the one hand, on the one side.
    * por un gran margen = by a huge margin.
    * por un gustazo, un trancazo = a kingdom for a kiss.
    * por unidad = per unit.
    * por un lado = for one, on the one hand, on the one side.
    * por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.
    * por un momento = for a moment.
    * por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own, for + Reflexivo.
    * por unos momentos = for a few moments, for a short time.
    * por uno solo = solo.
    * por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.
    * por un tiempo = for a time.
    * por un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come, for indefinite time.
    * por valor de + Cantidad = amounting to + Cantidad.
    * por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.
    * por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.
    * por venganza = out of spite.
    * por voluntad propia = voluntarily.
    * quedar por ver = remain + to be seen.
    * tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.
    * transporte por tierra = land transport.
    * utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.
    * venta al por mayor = wholesaling.
    * * *
    1) ( en relaciones causales) because of

    por falta de dinero — because of o owing to lack of money

    si no fuera por mi hijo... — if it wasn't for my son...

    por + inf — for -ing

    2) ( según)

    por lo que parece... — it seems o it would seem...

    ¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

    por si — in case; acaso, mosca II

    por más que me esfuerzo — however hard o no matter how hard I try

    por (muy) fácil que sea — however easy o no matter how easy it is

    5)

    colócalos por orden de tamaño/altura — put them in order of size/height

    por avión/barco/carretera — by air/sea/road

    me enteré por un amigo — I heard from o through a friend

    c) (Educ) from
    6)

    cobra $30 por clase — he charges $30 a o per class

    uno por uno — one by one; ciento II

    tres por cuatro (son) doce — three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

    7)
    a) (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación) for
    b) ( como)

    ¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? — do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

    9) (expresando finalidad, objetivo)

    por + inf: daría cualquier cosa por verla — I'd give anything to see her

    por que + subj ( here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan — he was eager for them to listen to him

    10) (indicando consideración, favor) for
    11) (indicando inclinación, elección)

    salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan — he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

    por mí que haga lo que quiera — as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

    por + inf: tengo la casa por limpiar — I've got the house to clean

    15) (esp AmL)

    estar por + inf — ( estar a punto de)

    16) (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria)

    ¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? — does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

    ¿por dónde has venido? — which way did you come?

    ¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? — could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

    17)

    ¿por dónde está or queda el hotel? — whereabouts is the hotel?

    ¿qué tal te fue por Londres? — how did you get on in London?

    por todos lados or por todas partes — everywhere

    voy por la página 15 — I'm up to o I'm on page 15

    pasa un trapo por el piso — give the floor a quick wipe; ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera, encima, etc

    por aquella época or por aquel entonces — at that time

    19) (Esp) ( indicando una ocasión) for
    20) ( durante) for

    por el momento or por ahora — for the time being o for now; ver tb mañana III, tarde II, noche

    * * *
    = across, along, around, because of, by, by, down, for the sake of, in connection with, in the gift of, on account of, on the grounds that/of, per, through, times, under, x, as a matter of, out of, through the agency of.

    Ex: This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.

    Ex: This means that a large number of messages can be combined together along the same line, giving economies of scales.
    Ex: I wouldn't expect you to be detailed in your report in terms of where the bookmible would stop around town and where you'd park it.
    Ex: This makes him feel somehow defficient and all because of his difficulty in making sense out of words in print with which his troubles began.
    Ex: A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.
    Ex: Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.
    Ex: Some users find the format of KWIC indexes unacceptable, they find alphabetical arrangement by keywords down the centre of a page, and wrapped-round titles awkward.
    Ex: The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.
    Ex: There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.
    Ex: Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.
    Ex: Partly on account of the variety of bases for coverage there is significant overlap between the assortment of abstracting and indexing services.
    Ex: AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.
    Ex: Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.
    Ex: The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.
    Ex: 4 days times 30 cents per day = 120 cents.
    Ex: One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.
    Ex: Card catalogues or indexes comprise a set of cards often 5x3 inches (122x72 mm), with each entry on a separate card.
    Ex: Most drivers stop at stop signs: Some do under duress -- there may be a policeman concealed in nearby bushes, others as a matter of prudence -- a fast car with the right of way can be injurious.
    Ex: But these and other interested people collected this type of books out of a mixture of curiosity and sentiment.
    Ex: This article argues that critical thinking, a long sought after goal in the US educational system, may be taught efficiently through the agency of library use instructions within the college environment.
    * actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.
    * aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).
    * aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.
    * búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.
    * coger por sorpresa = catch out.
    * Día + por la tarde = late + Día.
    * digamos por ejemplo = let us say.
    * dominar por completo = sweep + the board.
    * encontrar por casualidad = come across.
    * encuadernación por encargo = bespoke binding.
    * error por omisión = omission failure.
    * estar por delante de = be ahead of.
    * hecho por encargo = bespoke.
    * introducir por primera vez = pioneer.
    * leer por encima = browse.
    * llamar por teléfono = call up.
    * muy por encima de todo = over and above all.
    * Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.
    * ordenado por fecha = in date order.
    * pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], skip over, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by.
    * pongamos por ejemplo = let us say.
    * por accidente = accidentally.
    * por adelantado = advance, in advance (of), up-front [up front].
    * por ahí = out there.
    * por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.
    * por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.
    * por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.
    * por algún motivo = for whatever reason.
    * por algún tiempo = for sometime.
    * por allí = nearby [near-by].
    * por amor al arte = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por analogía = by analogy.
    * por anticipado = in advance (of).
    * por antonomasia = quintessential, unique.
    * por añadidura = in addition (to), on top of everything else.
    * por aquel entonces = at the time, about that time, by this time.
    * por aquí = around here, nearby [near-by], round here.
    * por aquí y por allí = hanging about.
    * por así decir = as it were.
    * por boca de = by word of mouth.
    * por bondad = out of the goodness of + Posesivo + heart.
    * por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.
    * por buen camino = a step in the right direction.
    * por cabeza = per person.
    * por cable = wireline, corded.
    * por caminos apartados = off-road.
    * por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], layered, tiered.
    * por casualidad = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.
    * por chiripa = by chance, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.
    * por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).
    * por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.
    * por coincidencia = by coincidence.
    * por comodidad = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.
    * por completo = fully.
    * por confirmar = to be announced, to be confirmed.
    * por consideración a = out of respect for.
    * por consideración a = out of consideration for.
    * por consiguiente = consequently, then, thence, by implication, therefore.
    * por contra = in contrast.
    * por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.
    * por correo = by post, mailed.
    * por cortesía de = courtesy of.
    * por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.
    * por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.
    * por cuanto que = because.
    * por cuenta ajena = vicariously.
    * por cuenta de uno = privately.
    * por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.
    * por curiosidad = out of curiosity.
    * por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.
    * por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.
    * por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.
    * por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.
    * por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.
    * por debajo de las posibilidades = below + Posesivo + capabilities.
    * por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.
    * por debajo de lo óptimo = sub-optimal [suboptimal].
    * por debajo del peso nomral = underweight.
    * por décadas = ten-yearly.
    * por decidir = to be decided.
    * por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.
    * por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.
    * por decirlo de algún modo = in a manner of speaking, so to speak.
    * por decisión propia = by choice.
    * por defecto = by default, default.
    * por deferencia a = in deference to.
    * por definición = by definition.
    * por delante = ahead.
    * por delante de = ahead of.
    * por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.
    * por delante y por detrás = front and back.
    * por dentro = inwardly.
    * por desgracia = unfortunately, sadly, unhappily, disappointingly.
    * por despecho = spitefully, out of spite.
    * ¡por dios! = in heaven's name, for God's sake, gosh.
    * ¡por Dios! = for crying out loud!.
    * por diversión = for sport, for fun, (just) for the hell of (doing) it, for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it.
    * por divertirse = for kicks.
    * por doquier = all around.
    * por dos años = two-year.
    * por ejemplo = e.g. (latín - exempli gratia), for example, for instance, say, to illustrate, for the sake of + argument.
    * por (el) amor a = for the love of.
    * ¡por el amor de Dios! = for crying out loud!.
    * por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.
    * por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * por el cual = whereby, whereupon.
    * por el detalle = for detail.
    * por el día = by day, daytime [day-time], during the daytime, in the daytime, during daytime.
    * por el día o por la noche = day or night.
    * por el día y por la noche = day and night, night and day.
    * por elección propia = by choice.
    * por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.
    * por el gobierno federal = federally.
    * por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.
    * por el hombre = humanly.
    * por ello = on this basis, on that basis, accordingly.
    * por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.
    * por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.
    * por el modo = by the way.
    * por el momento = for the time being, momentarily, at the moment, for the nonce, for the present.
    * por el placer de hacerlo = (just) for the fun of (doing) it.
    * por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.
    * por el receptor = at the receiving end.
    * por el sexo = gendered.
    * por encargo = custom, bespoke.
    * por encima = overhead, cursorily.
    * por encima de = across, beyond, beyond all, over, over and above, beyond the range of, well over + Expresión Numérica, overarching, above.
    * por encima de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.
    * por encima de eso = beyond that.
    * por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.
    * por encima de la media = above average.
    * por encima de la tierra = aboveground.
    * por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.
    * por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.
    * por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.
    * por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.
    * por ende = thereby, accordingly, therefore.
    * por enfado = out of anger.
    * por enojo = out of anger.
    * por error = by mistake.
    * por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.
    * por escrito = in writing, in print, written.
    * por eso = on that score, therefore.
    * por eso que = hence.
    * por esta razón = for this reason.
    * por esta única razón = for this reason alone.
    * por este motivo = for this reason.
    * por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.
    * por etapas = staged.
    * por excelencia = par excellence, quintessential, unique.
    * por exceso = excessively, to excess.
    * por explotar = untapped.
    * por + Expresión Temporal = by the + Expresión Temporal.
    * por extensión = by extension.
    * por extenso = in full, at length.
    * por falta de = for want of, for lack of.
    * por fases = staged.
    * por favor = please.
    * por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].
    * por fin = at length, at last, finally, at long last.
    * por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).
    * por frustración = out of frustration.
    * por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.
    * por grupos = in batches.
    * por gusto = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por hora = hourly.
    * por horas = on an hourly basis.
    * por igual = alike, on an equitable basis, equally, in equal measure(s).
    * por imitación = copycat.
    * por incremento gradual = incremental.
    * por incrementos graduales = incrementally.
    * por individuo = per capita, per person.
    * por iniciativa de = at the instigation of, under the auspices of.
    * por instinto = instinctively.
    * por interés = out of interest.
    * por interés personal = self-interested.
    * por investigar = unresearched.
    * por invitación = invitational.
    * por invitación de = at the invitation of.
    * por la borda = overboard.
    * por la cantidad de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.
    * por la forma = by the way.
    * por la friolera de + Cantidad = to the tune of + Cantidad.
    * por la fuerza = forcibly.
    * por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.
    * por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.
    * por la manera = by the way.
    * por la mañana = in the morning.
    * por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.
    * por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.
    * por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.
    * por la presente = hereby.
    * por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.
    * por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.
    * por las nubes = soaring.
    * por la tarde = in the evening.
    * por ley = mandated.
    * por libre = freelance.
    * por línea telefónica = over the telephone line.
    * por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.
    * por lo pronto = for the time being.
    * por lo que = so.
    * por lo que concierne a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, so far as + Nombre + be concerned.
    * por lo que concierne a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.
    * por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.
    * por lo que es = in + Posesivo + own right.
    * por lo que incumbe a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.
    * ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.
    * por lo que se refiere a = moving on to.
    * por lo que son = in + Posesivo + own right.
    * por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.
    * por los pelos = by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, close call, close shave.
    * por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.
    * por los suelos = in tatters.
    * por lo tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.
    * por lo visto = apparently, apparently.
    * por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.
    * por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.
    * por mal camino = astray.
    * por más que lo intento = for the life of me.
    * por materias = subject-based, topically.
    * por mecionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention only a few.
    * por medio = out of.
    * por medio de = by means of, by way of, in the form of, through, via, via the medium of, by dint of, through the agency of.
    * por medio de isótopos = isotopically.
    * por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.
    * por medio de una agencia = on a bureau basis.
    * por mencionar sólo algunos = to mention but a few of, to mention only a few.
    * por mencionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention but a few of, to name only some.
    * por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.
    * por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.
    * por menús = menu-driven.
    * por méritos = meritorious.
    * por mes = per month.
    * por miedo de = for fear of/that.
    * por millones = in the millions, by the millions.
    * por mor de = because of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.
    * por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.
    * por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.
    * por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.
    * por muchas razones = in many ways.
    * por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.
    * por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.
    * por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + que + Subjuntivo = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + Verbo.
    * por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.
    * por muy + Adjetivo + be = Adjetivo + though + Nombre + be.
    * por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.
    * por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.
    * por muy mentira que parezca = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, strangely enough, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.
    * por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * por nada = for nothing.
    * por nada del mundo = for the life of me.
    * por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.
    * por naturaleza = by nature, by definition, characteristically, natural-born, naturally, inherently.
    * por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.
    * por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.
    * por no decir algo peor = to put it mildly.
    * por no decir nada de = to say nothing of.
    * por no decir nunca = if ever.
    * por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.
    * por nombrar (sólo) + Número = to name (only) + Número.
    * por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.
    * por nombrar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.
    * por + Nombre = on a + Adjetivo + basis.
    * por no mencionar = not to mention.
    * por norma = as a rule.
    * por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.
    * por orden de = mandated.
    * por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.
    * por orden de llegada = on a first come first served basis.
    * por orden numérico = in numerical order.
    * por otra parte = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side.
    * por otro lado = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * por parejas = in pairs.
    * por parte de = on the part of.
    * por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.
    * por pasar el rato = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por pereza = lazily.
    * por + Período de Tiempo = for + Expresión Temporal.
    * por persona = per person.
    * por placer = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por poco dinero = cheaply.
    * por poco o nada = at little or no extra cost.
    * por poderes = by proxy.
    * por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.
    * por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.
    * por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por + Posesivo + parte = for + Posesivo + part.
    * por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.
    * por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.
    * por principio = on principle.
    * por principios = as a matter of principle.
    * por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.
    * por + Pronombre + mismo = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.
    * por propia iniciativa = self-directed.
    * por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.
    * por pura diversión = for kicks.
    * por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por qué = why.
    * por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.
    * por razones de = for the sake of.
    * por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.
    * por razones éticas = on moral grounds.
    * por razones morales = on moral grounds.
    * por razones personales = for personal reasons.
    * por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.
    * por rencor = out of spite.
    * por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.
    * por rumores = grapevine.
    * por rutina = routinely.
    * por sacos = by the sackful.
    * por satélite = satellite-based.
    * por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.
    * por seguridad = for safety reasons.
    * por semana = per week.
    * por separado = at different times, in isolation, separately, singly.
    * por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.
    * por sexo = along gender lines.
    * por si = in the chance that.
    * por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec, for good measure.
    * por si casualidad = in the chance that.
    * por si era poco = for good measure.
    * por si fuera poco = to boot, for good measure, to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.
    * por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.
    * por sí mismo = for its/their own sake, in itself, in + Posesivo + own right, itself, unto + Reflexivo, in and of + Reflexivo.
    * por sí mismos = in themselves.
    * por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.
    * por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].
    * por sí solo = by itself, for its/their own sake, on its own, in and of + Reflexivo, in itself.
    * por sí solos = by themselves, in themselves.
    * por si + tener + suerte = on spec.
    * por sorpresa = unawares.
    * por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.
    * por suerte = luckily, fortunately, happily.
    * por suerte o por desgracia = for better or (for) worse, by luck or misfortune.
    * por su naturaleza = by + Posesivo + nature.
    * por su papel = in its role.
    * por su parte = in + Posesivo + own right.
    * por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.
    * por su propio derecho = in + Posesivo + own right.
    * por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.
    * ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid, heaven forbid.
    * por suscripción = subscriber + Nombre.
    * por su volatilidad = mercurially.
    * por su volubilidad = mercurially.
    * por tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.
    * por teléfono = on the telephone, by tele(phone), over the phone, over the telephone.
    * por temas = topically.
    * por temor a = for fear of/that.
    * por temor a represalias = under duress.
    * por término medio = on average.
    * por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].
    * por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.
    * por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].
    * por toda la provincia = province-wide.
    * por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].
    * por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.
    * por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.
    * por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].
    * por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.
    * por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].
    * por todo el continente = continent-wide.
    * por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].
    * por todo el gobierno = government-wide.
    * por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.
    * por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.
    * por todo el servicio = service-wide.
    * por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.
    * por todo + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.
    * por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.
    * por todos conocido = well-known.
    * por todos lados = left, right and centre, far and wide.
    * por todos los medios = by all means.
    * por todos sitios = everywhere.
    * por triplicado = in triplicate.
    * por trueque = in kind.
    * por turnos = on a rotating basis, on a rota basis, on a rota system, on a rota.
    * por última vez = for the last time, one last time.
    * por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.
    * por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.
    * por una lado... por otro = at one end... at the other.
    * por unanimidad = unanimously.
    * por una parte = on the one hand, on the one side.
    * por un gran margen = by a huge margin.
    * por un gustazo, un trancazo = a kingdom for a kiss.
    * por unidad = per unit.
    * por un lado = for one, on the one hand, on the one side.
    * por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.
    * por un momento = for a moment.
    * por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own, for + Reflexivo.
    * por unos momentos = for a few moments, for a short time.
    * por uno solo = solo.
    * por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.
    * por un tiempo = for a time.
    * por un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come, for indefinite time.
    * por valor de + Cantidad = amounting to + Cantidad.
    * por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.
    * por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.
    * por venganza = out of spite.
    * por voluntad propia = voluntarily.
    * quedar por ver = remain + to be seen.
    * tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.
    * transporte por tierra = land transport.
    * utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.
    * venta al por mayor = wholesaling.

    * * *
    A en relaciones causales
    B según
    C ¿por qué?
    D en locuciones
    E en expresiones concesivas
    F
    1 en expresiones de modo
    2 indicando el medio
    3 Educación
    G
    1 en relaciones de proporción
    2 en multiplicaciones
    H
    1 en relaciones de sustitución etc
    2 por ejemplo
    I como
    A al expresar finalidad, objetivo
    B indicando consideración, favor
    C indicando inclinación, elección
    D en busca de
    E en lo que respecta a
    F indicando una situación pendiente
    G estar por
    A indicando lugar de acceso, salida
    B
    C expresando lugar determinado
    D indicando extensión
    A expresando tiempo aproximado
    B indicando una ocasión
    C durante
    he puesto esto aquí por el gato I've put this here because of the cat
    nunca se lo dijo por miedo a perderla he never told her out of fear of losing her o because he was afraid of losing her
    eso te pasa por crédulo that's what you get for being (so) gullible
    lo conseguimos por él we got it thanks to him
    ella es así por naturaleza she's like that by nature
    lo hace por necesidad he does it out of necessity
    no se acabó por falta de dinero it wasn't finished for o because of o owing to lack of money
    el final no por conocido me resulta menos triste knowing how it ends doesn't make it any less sad
    por su alto contenido en proteínas because of o owing to its high protein content
    tanto por su precio como por su practicidad both for its price and its practical design
    fue por eso por lo que no te llamé or fue por eso que no te llamé that was the reason o that was why I didn't call you
    precisamente por eso no dije nada that's precisely why I didn't say anything
    la muerte se produjo por asfixia he suffocated, death was caused by suffocation ( frml)
    éste serviría si no fuera por el color this one would do if it weren't for the color
    fue elogiado por su excelente actuación he was praised for his excellent performance
    por + INF for -ING
    me pidió perdón por haberme mentido he apologized for lying o for having lied to me
    B (según) from
    por lo que he oído from what I've heard
    por lo que parece no va a volver it seems o it would seem he's not coming back
    por mi experiencia diría que … from my experience, I would say that …
    C ( fam):
    ¿por? why?
    ¿con quién vas? — con Daniel ¿por? who are you going with? — with Daniel, why? o why do you want to know?
    ¿por qué lloras? why are you crying?
    ¿por qué no vienes a almorzar a casa? why don't you come to my house for lunch?
    por si in case
    llévate una muda, por si tuvieras que quedarte take a change of clothes (just) in case you have to stay
    acaso, mosca2 (↑ mosca (2))
    por más que me esfuerzo me sigue saliendo mal no matter how hard I try o however hard I try, I still can't get it right
    (+ subj): por (muy) fácil que se lo pongan, no creo que lo sepa hacer however easy o no matter how easy they make it for him I don't think he'll be able to do it
    F
    1
    (en expresiones de modo): clasifícalos por tamaño classify them according to size o by size
    colóquense por orden de altura line up in order of height
    por adelantado in advance
    por escrito in writing
    2
    (indicando el medio): se lo comunicaron por teléfono they told him over the phone
    lo dijeron por la radio they said it on the radio
    lo mandaron por avión/barco they sent it by air/sea
    por carretera by road
    la conocí por la voz I recognized the o her voice, I recognized her by her voice
    me enteré por un amigo I heard from o through a friend
    lo intenté por todos los medios I tried everything possible o every possible way
    es doctor honoris causa por Oxford he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford
    un graduado en ciencias políticas por la universidad de Granada a graduate in political science from the university of Granada
    G
    1
    (en relaciones de proporción): cobra $30 por clase he charges $30 a o per class
    120 kilómetros por hora 120 kilometers an o per hour
    lo venden por metro they sell it by the meter
    tú comes por tres you eat enough for three people
    había un hombre por cada dos mujeres there was one man to every two women
    tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho it's three meters long by one meter wide
    ya hemos hecho bastante por hoy we've done enough for today
    los hizo entrar uno por uno she made them come in one by one o one at a time
    examinar un escrito punto por punto to go through a document point by point
    ciento2 (↑ ciento (2))
    (en multiplicaciones): tres por cuatro (son) doce three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve
    H
    1
    (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación): su secretaria firmó por él his secretary signed for him o on his behalf
    yo puedo ir por ti I can go for you o in your place
    por toda respuesta se encogió de hombros all he did was shrug his shoulders
    tú podrías pasar por inglesa you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman
    te dan uno nuevo por dos viejos they give you one new one in exchange for two old ones
    es senador por Canarias he's a senator for the Canary Islands
    2
    (como): por ejemplo for example
    ¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?
    un lugar frecuentado por muchos famosos a place frequented by many famous people
    se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta they were caught in a sudden storm
    la ocupación de la fábrica por (parte de) los obreros the occupation of the factory by the workers
    ver tb parte2 f B. (↑ parte (2))
    A
    (al expresar finalidad, objetivo): se estaban peleando por la pelota they were fighting over the ball
    lo hace por el dinero he does it for the money
    te lo digo por tu bien I'm telling you for your own good
    por + INF:
    daría cualquier cosa por verte contento I'd give anything to see you happy
    no entré por no molestar I didn't go in so as not to disturb him o because I didn't want to disturb him
    eso es hablar por hablar that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it
    estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan he was eager for them to listen to him
    recemos por que lleguen a un acuerdo let's pray that they'll come to an agreement
    siguieron luchando por que se hiciera justicia they continued fighting for justice to be done
    B
    (indicando consideración, favor): haría cualquier cosa por ti I'd do anything for you
    intercede por nosotros intercede for us
    por mí no lo hagas don't do it just for me o for my sake
    C
    (indicando inclinación, elección): su amor por la música her love of music
    demostró gran interés por el cuadro he showed great interest in the painting
    no siento nada por él I don't feel anything for him
    opté por no ir I chose not to go
    votó por ella he voted for her
    ¿por la afirmativa? all those in favor?
    se manifestaron por el derecho al aborto they demonstrated for the right to abortion
    estar por algn ( fam); to be crazy about sb
    D
    (en busca de): salió/fue poror ( Esp) a por pan he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread
    E
    (en lo que respecta a): por mí no hay inconveniente I don't mind
    que haga lo que le dé la gana, por mí … let him do what he likes, as far as I'm concerned …
    tengo toda la casa por limpiar I've got the whole house to clean
    estos cambios aún están por hacer these changes have still not been made o are yet to be made
    ver2 vt C 1. (↑ ver (2))
    G
    ( AmL) estar por + INF (estar a punto de): deben de estar por llegar they should be arriving any minute
    la leche está por hervir the milk's about to boil
    A
    (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria): entró por la ventana he came in through the window
    sal por aquí go out this way
    el acceso al edificio es por la calle Lamas you enter the building from Lamas Street
    el piano no va a pasar por la puerta the piano won't go through the door
    se cayó por la escalera he fell down the stairs
    subieron por la ladera este they went up by the east face
    ¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?
    fuimos por el camino más largo we took the longer route
    no vayas por ahí que te vas a perder don't go that way, you'll get lost
    ¿por dónde has venido? which way did you come?
    ¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?
    B
    (expresando lugar indeterminado): está por ahí he's over there somewhere
    ¿por dónde está or queda el restaurante? whereabouts is the restaurant?
    viven por el sur/por mi barrio they live in the south somewhere/around my area
    hace mucho que no lo vemos por aquí we haven't seen him around here for ages
    ¿qué tal te fue por Londres? how did you get on in London?
    C
    (expresando lugar determinado): corta por aquí cut here
    voy por la página 15 I'm up to o I'm on page 15
    empieza por el principio start at the beginning
    agárralo por el mango hold it by the handle
    D
    (indicando extensión): lo he buscado por todos lados or por todas partes I've looked everywhere for it
    la epidemia se extendió por todo el país the epidemic spread throughout the (whole) country
    estuvimos viajando por el norte de Francia we were traveling around o in the North of France
    fuimos a caminar por la playa we went for a walk along the beach
    pasa un trapo por el piso give the floor a quick wipe
    A
    (expresando tiempo aproximado): por aquella época at that time
    por aquel entonces vivían en Pozuelo at that time they were living in Pozuelo
    sucedió por allá por 1960 it happened some time back around 1960
    me lo regalaron por mi cumpleaños they gave it to me for my birthday
    por Semana Santa pensamos ir a Londres we're thinking of going to London for Easter
    C (durante) for
    por los siglos de los siglos for ever and ever
    no se lo confío ni por un minuto I wouldn't trust him with it for a minute
    puede quedar así por el momento or por ahora it can stay like that for the time being o for now
    ver tb mañana3 (↑ mañana (3)), tarde2 (↑ tarde (2)), noche
    * * *

     

    por preposición
    1 ( causa) because of;
    ◊ por falta de dinero because of o owing to lack of money;

    por naturaleza by nature;
    por necesidad out of necessity;
    por eso no dije nada that's why I didn't say anything;
    fue por eso que no te llamé that was why I didn't call you;
    si no fuera por mi hijo … if it wasn't for my son …;
    me pidió perdón por haberme mentido he apologized for lying o for having lied to me
    2 ( en locs)

    no dijo por qué he didn't say why;
    ¿por qué no vienes conmigo? why don't you come with me?;
    por si in case;
    por si no entiende in case he doesn't understand;
    See Also→ acaso 2, mosca
    3 ( en expresiones concesivas):
    ◊ por más que me esfuerzo however hard o no matter how hard I try;

    por (muy) fácil que sea however easy o no matter how easy it is
    4
    a) ( modo):


    por adelantado in advance;
    por escrito in writing
    b) ( medio):


    lo dijeron por la radio they said it on the radio;
    por avión by air;
    la conocí por la voz I recognized her by her voice;
    me enteré por un amigo I heard from o through a friend
    5

    ◊ cobra $30 por clase he charges $30 a o per class;

    120 kilómetros por hora 120 kilometers an o per hour;
    por metro/docena by the meter/dozen;
    tú comes por tres you eat enough for three people;
    tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho it's three meters long by one meter wide;
    uno por uno one by one;
    See Also→ ciento sustantivo masculino b


    6

    ◊ su secretaria firmó por él his secretary signed for him o on his behalf;

    pasa por inglesa she passes for an Englishwoman
    b) ( como):


    7 ( introduciendo el agente) by;

    1 (finalidad, objetivo):

    lo hace por el dinero he does it for the money;
    no entré por no molestarlo I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him;
    por que + subj (here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan he was eager for them to listen to him
    2 (indicando inclinación, elección):

    no siento nada por él I don't feel anything for him;
    votó por ella he voted for her
    3 ( en busca de): salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread
    4 ( en lo que respecta a):
    ◊ por mí que haga lo que quiera as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

    5 (esp AmL) estar por + inf ( estar a punto de) to be about to + inf;

    deben (de) estar por llegar they should be arriving any minute
    1
    a) ( lugar):


    sal por aquí go out this way;
    se cayó por la escalera he fell down the stairs;
    ¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?;
    ¿por dónde has venido? which way did you come?;
    está por ahí he's over there somewhere;
    ¿por dónde está el hotel? whereabouts is the hotel?;
    viven por mi barrio they live around my area;
    voy por la página 15 I'm up to o I'm on page 15;
    empieza por el principio start at the beginning;
    agárralo por el mango hold it by the handle
    b) ( indicando extensión): por todos lados or por todas partes everywhere;

    ◊ viajamos por el norte de Francia we traveled around o in the North of France;

    ver tb dentro, fuera, encima, etc
    2 ( tiempo) for;

    por el momento or por ahora for the time being, for now;
    ver tb mañana, tarde, noche
    3 (Esp) ( ocasión) for;

    por preposición
    1 (autoría) by: está escrito por mí, it was written by me
    2 (camino, lugar) through: viajamos por Castilla, we travelled round Castilla
    3 (medio) lo enviaron por avión, they sent it by plane
    me enteré por el periódico, I read about it in the newspaper
    4 (motivo, causa) because of
    por tu culpa, because of you
    (en favor de) for: hazlo por ellos, do it for their sake
    por la libertad, for freedom
    5 (en torno a) por San Juan, near Saint John's Day
    6 (durante) por la mañana/noche, in the morning/at night
    por el momento, for the time being
    7 (a través) entramos por la puerta, we got in through the door
    miramos por la ventana, we looked out (of) the window
    pasamos por la ciudad, we went through the town
    8 (sobre, por encima de) cruzaremos por el puente, we'll cross the bridge
    9 (delante de) paso todos los días por tu casa, I go by your house every day
    10 (a cambio de) for: te doy mi helado por tu yogur, I'll swap you my ice-cream for your yoghurt
    11 (en una distribución, cálculo) por cabeza, a head, per person
    mil pesetas por hora, a thousand pesetas per hour
    dos mil revoluciones por minuto, two thousand revolutions per minute
    12 (en una multiplicación) dos por dos, cuatro, two times two is four
    un diez por ciento, ten per cent
    13 (con infinitivo) in order to, so as to
    trabajar por trabajar, to work for the sake of it
    ♦ Locuciones: por así decirlo, so to speak
    por más/mucho que..., no matter how...
    por qué, why
    ' por' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - abogar
    - abonar
    - abonarse
    - abotargada
    - abotargado
    - abuelo
    - acabar
    - acaso
    - accidente
    - acercarse
    - acertar
    - aclamación
    - acomplejada
    - acomplejado
    - acomplejarse
    - acoquinar
    - acostumbrar
    - actual
    - adelantada
    - adelantado
    - adivinar
    - admitir
    - adoración
    - aérea
    - aéreo
    - afanarse
    - afectada I
    - afectado
    - afición
    - agradecer
    - aguantar
    - ahí
    - ahogada
    - ahogado
    - ahora
    - ahorcarse
    - ahorrar
    - aire
    - alegrarse
    - algo
    - allá
    - allí
    - almacén
    - alquiler
    - alta
    - alto
    - aludida
    - aludido
    - amarga
    English:
    A
    - aback
    - ablaze
    - about
    - above
    - absence
    - absorb
    - accident
    - accidentally
    - acclaim
    - accompany
    - accord
    - accordingly
    - account
    - accustom
    - actual
    - actually
    - add to
    - advocate
    - after
    - afternoon
    - again
    - against
    - air
    - airmail
    - alert
    - allowance
    - alone
    - alphabetically
    - alternately
    - amble
    - amends
    - amok
    - angry
    - annihilate
    - annoy
    - answer for
    - answering service
    - antipathy
    - anxious
    - anywhere
    - apologetic
    - apologize
    - appal
    - appall
    - apparently
    - appearance
    - appease
    - appointment
    - appreciate
    * * *
    por prep
    1. [indica causa] because of;
    llegó tarde por el tráfico she was late because of the traffic;
    lo hizo por amor he did it out of o for love;
    me disculpé por llegar tarde I apologized for arriving late;
    miré dentro por simple curiosidad I looked inside out of pure curiosity;
    accidentes por conducción temeraria accidents caused by reckless driving;
    muertes por enfermedades cardiovasculares deaths from cardiovascular disease;
    no quise llamar por la hora (que era) I didn't want to call because of the time;
    cerrado por vacaciones/reformas [en letrero] closed for holidays/alterations;
    por mí no te preocupes don't worry about me;
    Esp
    fue por eso por lo que tuvimos tantos problemas, Am [m5] fue por eso que tuvimos tantos problemas that's why we had so many problems;
    eso te pasa por (ser tan) generoso that's what you get for being so generous;
    la razón por (la) que dimite the reason (why) she is resigning;
    ¿por qué? why?;
    ¿por qué no vienes? why don't you come?;
    ¿por qué lo preguntas? – por nada why do you ask? – no reason;
    Fam
    ¿por? why?;
    por si in case;
    por si se te olvida in case you forget
    2. [indica indicio]
    por lo que me dices/lo que he oído no debe de ser tan difícil from what you say/what I've heard, it can't be that difficult;
    por lo que tengo entendido, viven juntos as I understand it, they live together, my understanding is that they live together;
    por lo visto, por lo que se ve apparently
    3. [indica finalidad] (antes de infinitivo) (in order) to;
    * * *
    prp
    1 motivo for, because of;
    lo hace por mí he does it for me;
    lo hizo por amor she did it out of o for love;
    luchó por sus ideales he fought for his ideals;
    por miedo a ofenderle for fear of upsetting her;
    vino por verme he came to see me
    2 medio by;
    por avión by air;
    por correo by mail, Br
    tb by post
    :
    por un año/un segundo for a year/a second;
    por la mañana in the morning;
    por Navidad around Christmas
    :
    por la calle down the street;
    por un tunel through a tunnel;
    por aquí this way
    5 posición aproximada around, about;
    está por aquí it’s around here (somewhere);
    vive por el centro de la ciudad she lives somewhere around the center of town
    :
    por cincuenta pesos for fifty pesos;
    por cabeza each, a head
    :
    por hora an o per hour;
    dos por dos two times two;
    ¿por qué? why?;
    por el que … the reason why …;
    esa factura aún está por pagar that invoice still has to be paid;
    por difícil que sea however difficult it might be
    * * *
    por prep
    1) : for, during
    se quedaron allí por la semana: they stayed there during the week
    por el momento: for now, at the moment
    2) : around, during
    por noviembre empieza a nevar: around November it starts to snow
    por la mañana: in the morning
    3) : around (a place)
    debe estar por allí: it must be over there
    por todas partes: everywhere
    4) : by, through, along
    por la puerta: through the door
    pasé por tu casa: I stopped by your house
    por la costa: along the coast
    5) : for, for the sake of
    lo hizo por su madre: he did it for his mother
    ¡por Dios!: for heaven's sake!
    6) : because of, on account of
    llegué tarde por el tráfico: I arrived late because of the traffic
    dejar por imposible: to give up as impossible
    7) : per
    60 millas por hora: 60 miles per hour
    por docena: by the dozen
    8) : for, in exchange for, instead of
    su hermana habló por él: his sister spoke on his behalf
    9) : by means of
    hablar por teléfono: to talk on the phone
    por escrito: in writing
    10) : as for
    por mí: as far as I'm concerned
    11) : times
    tres por dos son seis: three times two is six
    12) según: from, according to
    por lo que dices: judging from what you're telling me
    13) : as, for
    por ejemplo: for example
    14) : by
    hecho por mi abuela: made by my grandmother
    por correo: by mail
    15) : for, in order to
    lucha por ganar su respeto: he struggles to win her respect
    estar por : to be about to
    por ciento : percent
    por favor : please
    por lo tanto : therefore, consequently
    ¿por qué? : why?
    por... que : no matter how
    por mucho que intente: no matter how hard I try
    por si or
    por si acaso : just in case
    * * *
    por prep
    1. (a través de) through
    2. (la calle) along / down
    3. (indica camino) via / by
    6. (a causa de) because of
    7. (a fin de) to / in order to
    10. (multiplicado) times
    12. (en vez de) instead of
    ir por / ir a por to fetch
    ¡ve a por mis zapatillas, por favor! fetch my slippers, please!
    por + adjetivo however + adjective
    por lo general generally / usually
    por si... in case...
    ¿por qué? why?

    Spanish-English dictionary > por

  • 12 collegare

    "to connect;
    Durchschalten;
    comutar (elét.)"
    * * *
    connect, link
    * * *
    collegare v.tr. to connect, to link (up), to unite, to join; ( un circuito) to connect, to tap*: linea ferroviaria che collega due città, line that links up two towns; collegare un fatto a un altro, to link up one fact with another; collegare due idee tra loro, to relate one idea to another.
    ◘ collegarsi v.rifl.
    1 to link up, to unite, to join: collegare con società straniere, to associate with foreign companies
    2 ( formare una lega) to associate, to confederate, to join in a league, to form an alliance
    3 ( mettersi in contatto) to get* in touch, to link up: collegare con New York via satellite, to link up with New York by satellite; collegare telefonicamente con Torino, to get through to Turin.
    * * *
    [kolle'ɡare]
    1. vt
    to connect, join, link, (città, zone) to join, link, Elettr to connect (up)
    to join, meet, Radio, TV to link up
    * * *
    [kolle'gare] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (mettere in comunicazione) [ponte, strada] to connect, to link [ luoghi]
    2) tecn. (alla rete) to connect (up) [acqua, gas, elettricità]; (alla presa) to connect, to hook up, to plug in [televisione, telefono]
    3) inform. to link [ terminali]

    collegare in rete — to network [ computer]

    4) fig. (associare) to associate, to connect (a with), to link (a to, with), to relate, to tie (a to)
    2.
    verbo pronominale collegarsi
    1) tel.

    -rsi telefonicamente con qcn. — to get through to sb., to reach sb. by telephone

    2) rad. telev.
    3) inform.
    4) fig. (riferirsi) to refer (a to)
    * * *
    collegare
    /kolle'gare/ [1]
     1 (mettere in comunicazione) [ponte, strada] to connect, to link [ luoghi]
     2 tecn. (alla rete) to connect (up) [acqua, gas, elettricità]; (alla presa) to connect, to hook up, to plug in [televisione, telefono]
     3 inform. to link [ terminali]; collegare in rete to network [ computer]
     4 fig. (associare) to associate, to connect (a with), to link (a to, with), to relate, to tie (a to)
    II collegarsi verbo pronominale
     1 tel. -rsi telefonicamente con qcn. to get through to sb., to reach sb. by telephone
     2 rad. telev. ci colleghiamo con i nostri studi di Londra over to our London studios; - rsi via satellite to link by satellite
     3 inform. - rsi a Internet to connect to the Internet
     4 fig. (riferirsi) to refer (a to).

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > collegare

  • 13 conectar

    v.
    1 to connect something.
    el puente conecta la isla con el continente the bridge connects o links the island to the mainland
    El adaptador conecta los dos cables The adapter connects both cables.
    2 to connect (vuelo).
    3 to switch on, to turn on.
    Ricardo conectó el abanico Richard switched on the fan.
    4 to wire up.
    5 to get drugs, to make a score, to score.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to connect (up)
    2 (aparato eléctrico) to switch on, plug in
    1 RADIO TELEVISIÓN (coger) to tune in ( con, to); (dar conexión) to tune in ( con, with)
    2 familiar (llevarse bien) to hit it off, get on well
    * * *
    verb
    2) link
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ cables, tubos] to connect (up)

    conectar un aparato eléctrico a tierra — to earth o (EEUU) ground an electrical appliance

    masa II, 6)
    2) (=enlazar)
    3) (=relacionar)

    no logro conectar una cosa con la otra — I can't see how one thing connects with another, I can't see how everything ties in together

    2. VI
    1) * (=congeniar)
    2) (=enlazar)
    3) (TV, Radio)

    conectamos con nuestro corresponsal en Londres — and now it's over to our correspondent in London, and now we're going over to our correspondent in London

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <cables/aparatos> to connect (up); <luz/gas/teléfono> to connect
    2) ( relacionar) <hechos/sucesos> to connect, link
    3) (AmL) ( poner en contacto)
    2.
    1)
    a) (Rad, TV)

    conectar con alguien/algo — to go over to somebody/something

    b) ( empalmar) to connect, link up
    c) (llevarse bien, entenderse) to get along o on well
    d) (AmL) (con vuelo, tren)

    este vuelo/tren conecta con el de Dublín — this flight/train connects with the Dublin one

    2) (Méx arg) ( conseguir droga) to score (sl)
    * * *
    = connect, link, turn on, wire, hook, provide + an interface, network, hook up, hit it off.
    Ex. Plainly, it is not always the case that there is a connection between farming and spelling, and many other documents can be identified where these subjects are not connected.
    Ex. These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.
    Ex. To use DOBIS/LIBIS, turn the terminal on and wait for it to warm up.
    Ex. A modem is permanently wired, and converts digital messages which the terminal and computer understand into analogue messages capable of being transmitted down telephone lines.
    Ex. I don't think that is a very liberating experience, especially a terminal that's hooked to a large computer that almost no one understands, no one but a very few people.
    Ex. This service called A.S.K. (Access to Sources of Knowledge) will provide an interface between users and suppliers.
    Ex. This paper briefly presents hints to libraries wishing to network their CD-ROM databases.
    Ex. People are going to want to hook up different pieces of software and expect them to work.
    Ex. As the two began to connect well and hit it off, the contact between the two increased to a rate of at least once a week.
    ----
    * conectar en red = network.
    * conectarse = log on, log, login.
    * conectarse con = interface to/with.
    * conectarse mediante llamada telefónica = dial up.
    * volver a conectar = reconnect [re-connect].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <cables/aparatos> to connect (up); <luz/gas/teléfono> to connect
    2) ( relacionar) <hechos/sucesos> to connect, link
    3) (AmL) ( poner en contacto)
    2.
    1)
    a) (Rad, TV)

    conectar con alguien/algo — to go over to somebody/something

    b) ( empalmar) to connect, link up
    c) (llevarse bien, entenderse) to get along o on well
    d) (AmL) (con vuelo, tren)

    este vuelo/tren conecta con el de Dublín — this flight/train connects with the Dublin one

    2) (Méx arg) ( conseguir droga) to score (sl)
    * * *
    = connect, link, turn on, wire, hook, provide + an interface, network, hook up, hit it off.

    Ex: Plainly, it is not always the case that there is a connection between farming and spelling, and many other documents can be identified where these subjects are not connected.

    Ex: These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.
    Ex: To use DOBIS/LIBIS, turn the terminal on and wait for it to warm up.
    Ex: A modem is permanently wired, and converts digital messages which the terminal and computer understand into analogue messages capable of being transmitted down telephone lines.
    Ex: I don't think that is a very liberating experience, especially a terminal that's hooked to a large computer that almost no one understands, no one but a very few people.
    Ex: This service called A.S.K. (Access to Sources of Knowledge) will provide an interface between users and suppliers.
    Ex: This paper briefly presents hints to libraries wishing to network their CD-ROM databases.
    Ex: People are going to want to hook up different pieces of software and expect them to work.
    Ex: As the two began to connect well and hit it off, the contact between the two increased to a rate of at least once a week.
    * conectar en red = network.
    * conectarse = log on, log, login.
    * conectarse con = interface to/with.
    * conectarse mediante llamada telefónica = dial up.
    * volver a conectar = reconnect [re-connect].

    * * *
    conectar [A1 ]
    vt
    A ‹cables/aparatos› to connect, connect up; ‹luz/gas/teléfono› to connect
    antes de conectarlo a la red compruebe el voltaje before connecting to the mains supply o plugging it in, check the voltage
    B (relacionar) ‹hechos/sucesos› to connect, link
    no conectó una cosa con la otra she didn't make a connection between o connect the two things
    el secuestro puede estar conectado con el caso Malla the kidnapping may be linked o connected to the Malla case
    C ( AmL) (poner en contacto) conectar a algn CON algn; to put sb in touch o in contact WITH sb
    ■ conectar
    vi
    A
    1 ( Rad, TV):
    conectamos con el equipo móvil we're going over to our outside broadcast unit
    conectemos con Juan Mendoza en París let's go over to o let's join Juan Mendoza in Paris
    2 (empalmar) to connect, link up
    3 (llevarse bien, entenderse) to get along o on well
    un cantante/político que conecta bien con la juventud a singer/politician who relates well to o really engages with o reaches young people
    4
    ( AmL) (con un vuelo, tren): en Río conectamos con el vuelo a Asunción in Rio we took a connecting flight to Asunción o we transferred to the Asunción flight
    este vuelo/tren conecta con el de Dublín this flight/train connects with the Dublin one
    B ( Méx arg) (conseguir droga) to score (sl), to make a score (sl)
    * * *

     

    conectar ( conjugate conectar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹cables/aparatos› to connect (up);

    ‹luz/gas/teléfono› to connect
    b) ( relacionar) ‹hechos/sucesos› to connect, link

    c) (AmL) ( poner en contacto) conectar a algn con algn to put sb in touch o in contact with sb

    verbo intransitivo
    a) (Rad, TV) conectar con algn/algo to go over to sb/sth


    c) (llevarse bien, entenderse) to get along o on well

    d) (AmL) conectar con algo [vuelo/tren] to connect with sth;


    conectar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to connect (up): he conectado el vídeo a la televisión, I've connected the video to the television
    2 (a la red eléctrica) to plug in, switch on
    3 (dos puntos distantes) to unit, link up
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (establecer comunicación) to communicate: conecté con ella a través de Internet, I contacted her by Internet
    2 fam (simpatizar) no conecto con mi padre, I don't get on with my father
    ' conectar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    instalar
    - poner
    - relacionar
    - vincular
    English:
    adapter
    - adaptor
    - connect
    - connect up
    - earth
    - ground
    - hook up
    - lay on
    - wire
    - link
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [aparato, mecanismo] [con cables] to connect (a o con (up) to);
    conecta la lavadora a la red eléctrica connect the washing machine to the electricity supply
    2. [encender] [radio, calefacción] to turn on, to switch on
    3. [unir, comunicar] to connect, to link;
    el puente conecta la isla con el continente the bridge connects o links the island to the mainland
    4. [asociar] to link, to connect;
    la policía ha conectado el robo con las mafias locales the police have linked o connected the robbery to the local mafia
    5. Dep [disparo] to strike
    ♦ vi
    1. Rad & TV
    conectar con to go over to;
    conectamos con nuestro enviado especial en la zona and now over to our special correspondent in the area
    2. [persona]
    conectar con alguien [ponerse en contacto] to get in touch with sb;
    [entenderse] to relate to sb;
    una escritora que conecta con los más jóvenes a writer who knows how to relate to younger readers;
    al partido le ha fallado conectar con los sectores más desfavorecidos the party has failed to reach o get through to the most disadvantaged groups
    3. [vuelo] to connect;
    necesito conectar con el vuelo de las 9 I have to be there for a connecting flight at 9 o'clock
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 connect, link
    2 EL connect;
    conectar a tierra ground, Br earth
    II v/i connect
    * * *
    : to connect
    conectar con : to link up with, to communicate with
    * * *
    1. (en general) to connect
    2. (encender) to turn on / to switch on
    ¿has conectado el vídeo? have you turned the video on?

    Spanish-English dictionary > conectar

  • 14 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

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    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

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    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 16 pirata

    adj.
    1 pirate (barco, ataque).
    2 pirate.
    f. & m.
    1 pirate.
    pirata del aire hijacker
    pirata informático cracker, hacker
    * * *
    1 pirate
    1 HISTORIA pirate
    \
    pirata aéreo hijacker
    * * *
    noun mf.
    * * *
    1. SMF
    1) (=corsario) pirate
    2) (Inform)

    pirata informático/a — hacker

    3) (Literat) * plagiarist
    4) * (=granuja) rogue, scoundrel
    5) (Com) cowboy, shark
    6) † * (=persona cruel) hard-hearted person
    2.
    ADJ
    * * *
    I
    a) < barco> pirate (before n)
    b) ( clandestino) <casete/copia> pirate (before n), bootleg (before n) (colloq)
    c) (Ven) ( de mala calidad) poor, shoddy (colloq)
    II
    masculino y femenino
    a) (Náut) pirate
    b) (de casetes, videos) pirate
    * * *
    = pirated, pirate, stealth, bootleg, raider, piratical, buccaneer.
    Ex. Beadle and Adams of New York's 'dime and nickel novels' included both new books and pirated English novels retailing as paperbacks at 10 cents a volume.
    Ex. Library users fall into 4 groups: (1) patrons, who are considerate, grateful and undemanding; (2) 'pests' -- the inconsiderate; (3) 'pirates' who steal, deface and mutilate library property and materials; (4) 'vampires' whose enquiries make excessive demands upon the librarian's time.
    Ex. A business dependency on sophisticated information systems makes it vulnerabble to stealth attacks.
    Ex. Sometimes described as a ' bootleg' preacher, Will Campbell professes a great love and affection for Country Music.
    Ex. To explore this possibility, the library sought to create access via the Internet to a small set of its materials relevant to the famous Confederate raider, the CSS Alabama.
    Ex. Their secondary aim was to print piratical, scurrilous and bawdy material for the people of Dublin.
    Ex. The barnacled cannons found in the coastal waters off Catalina Island are thought to belong to a ship once captained by the notorious buccaneer William Kidd.
    ----
    * barco pirata = pirate ship.
    * pirata aéreo = hijacker [highjacker].
    * pirata del correo publicitario no solicitado = spammer.
    * pirata informático = hacker, computer hacker.
    * * *
    I
    a) < barco> pirate (before n)
    b) ( clandestino) <casete/copia> pirate (before n), bootleg (before n) (colloq)
    c) (Ven) ( de mala calidad) poor, shoddy (colloq)
    II
    masculino y femenino
    a) (Náut) pirate
    b) (de casetes, videos) pirate
    * * *
    = pirated, pirate, stealth, bootleg, raider, piratical, buccaneer.

    Ex: Beadle and Adams of New York's 'dime and nickel novels' included both new books and pirated English novels retailing as paperbacks at 10 cents a volume.

    Ex: Library users fall into 4 groups: (1) patrons, who are considerate, grateful and undemanding; (2) 'pests' -- the inconsiderate; (3) 'pirates' who steal, deface and mutilate library property and materials; (4) 'vampires' whose enquiries make excessive demands upon the librarian's time.
    Ex: A business dependency on sophisticated information systems makes it vulnerabble to stealth attacks.
    Ex: Sometimes described as a ' bootleg' preacher, Will Campbell professes a great love and affection for Country Music.
    Ex: To explore this possibility, the library sought to create access via the Internet to a small set of its materials relevant to the famous Confederate raider, the CSS Alabama.
    Ex: Their secondary aim was to print piratical, scurrilous and bawdy material for the people of Dublin.
    Ex: The barnacled cannons found in the coastal waters off Catalina Island are thought to belong to a ship once captained by the notorious buccaneer William Kidd.
    * barco pirata = pirate ship.
    * pirata aéreo = hijacker [highjacker].
    * pirata del correo publicitario no solicitado = spammer.
    * pirata informático = hacker, computer hacker.

    * * *
    1 ‹barco› pirate ( before n)
    2 (clandestino) ‹casete/copia› pirate ( before n), bootleg ( before n) ( colloq)
    3 ( Ven) (de mala calidad) poor, shoddy ( colloq)
    1 ( Náut) pirate
    2 (de casetes, etc) pirate
    los piratas del ordenador computer hackers
    Compuestos:
    hijacker, skyjacker ( journ)
    ● pirata informático, pirata informática
    hacker
    * * *

     

    pirata adjetivo
    a) ‹ barco› pirate ( before n)

    b) ( clandestino) ‹casete/copia› pirate ( before n), bootleg ( before n) (colloq)

    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino
    a) (Náut) pirate;


    b) (de casetes, videos) pirate

    pirata
    I adjetivo
    1 pirate
    2 (copia ilegal) pirate, bootleg
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino
    1 pirate
    pirata aéreo, hijacker
    pirata informático, hacker
    2 (literatura, música, etc) plagiarist
    ' pirata' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    emisora
    English:
    bootleg
    - buccaneer
    - cowboy
    - hacker
    - inform
    - pirate
    - hijacker
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [barco, ataque] pirate
    2. [radio, edición, vídeo] pirate;
    [casete, grabación] bootleg
    3. Am [profesional, servicio] cowboy;
    un electricista pirata a cowboy electrician
    ♦ nmf
    1. [corsario] pirate
    pirata aéreo hijacker;
    pirata del aire hijacker;
    pirata informático cracker, hacker
    2. Am [mal profesional] cowboy
    * * *
    I adj pirate atr
    II m/f pirate
    * * *
    pirata adj
    : bootleg, pirated
    pirata nmf
    1) : pirate
    2) : bootlegger
    3)
    pirata aéreo : hijacker
    * * *
    pirata n pirate

    Spanish-English dictionary > pirata

  • 17 cliente

    f. & m.
    customer, patron, client, costumier.
    * * *
    1 client, customer
    * * *
    (f. - clienta)
    noun
    client, customer
    * * *
    SMF [de tienda, bar, restaurante, banco] customer; [de empresa] customer, client; [de hotel] guest, customer

    cliente fijo, cliente habitual — regular customer

    * * *
    - ta masculino, femenino (de tienda, de restaurante) customer; (de empresa, de abogado) client, customer; ( de hotel) guest; ( en taxi) fare, customer

    cliente asiduo or habitual — regular customer (o client etc)

    * * *
    = client, customer, patron, visitor, browser, client, punter, hotel guest.
    Nota: De hotel.
    Ex. Regular monthly outputs can be supplied, or other arrangements can be made to suit the client.
    Ex. New data base items are sent to customers on magnetic tape.
    Ex. The level of specificity that is desirable in any index is a function of the collection being indexed, its use and its patrons.
    Ex. In all 20 per cent of visitors went out of the bookshop with a book they had intended to buy, 15 per cent went out with a book they had not intended to buy and 67 went out with both intended and unintended purchases.
    Ex. In the Internet, a browser is a client program that is used to look at various kinds of Internet resources.
    Ex. In the Internet, a client is a software program that is used to contact and obtain data from a server software program on another computer, often across a great distance.
    Ex. It could mean simply the ability of the punter to move between pieces of information in much the same way as he or she uses the remote controller to change channels on analogue television.
    Ex. Hotel guests not only steal towels and toiletries, but some of them even take home unusual objects like sex toys, stuffed animals and toilet seats.
    ----
    * arquitectura cliente-servidor = client-server architecture.
    * atención al cliente = customer care, customer support.
    * atención personal al cliente = personal selling.
    * centrado en el cliente = customer-centred [customer-centered, USA].
    * cliente de hotel = hotel guest.
    * cliente fijo = loyalty of custom.
    * cliente habitual = habitué.
    * cliente leal = loyal customer.
    * cliente satisfecho = satisfied customer.
    * cliente-servidor = client-server.
    * cliente web = WWW browser, Web browser.
    * departamento de atención al cliente = customer service department.
    * el cliente siempre tiene la razón = the customer is always right.
    * facturar a los clientes = bill + clients.
    * lealtad del cliente = customer loyalty.
    * para atraer al cliente = window dressing.
    * programa cliente = browser.
    * ser cliente de una tienda = patronise + shop.
    * servicio de atención al cliente = customer service, service department.
    * servicio de atención al cliente en su propio automóvil = drive-through (drive-thru).
    * servicio de atención al cliente por teléfono = call centre.
    * tecnología cliente-servidor = client-server technology.
    * * *
    - ta masculino, femenino (de tienda, de restaurante) customer; (de empresa, de abogado) client, customer; ( de hotel) guest; ( en taxi) fare, customer

    cliente asiduo or habitual — regular customer (o client etc)

    * * *
    = client, customer, patron, visitor, browser, client, punter, hotel guest.
    Nota: De hotel.

    Ex: Regular monthly outputs can be supplied, or other arrangements can be made to suit the client.

    Ex: New data base items are sent to customers on magnetic tape.
    Ex: The level of specificity that is desirable in any index is a function of the collection being indexed, its use and its patrons.
    Ex: In all 20 per cent of visitors went out of the bookshop with a book they had intended to buy, 15 per cent went out with a book they had not intended to buy and 67 went out with both intended and unintended purchases.
    Ex: In the Internet, a browser is a client program that is used to look at various kinds of Internet resources.
    Ex: In the Internet, a client is a software program that is used to contact and obtain data from a server software program on another computer, often across a great distance.
    Ex: It could mean simply the ability of the punter to move between pieces of information in much the same way as he or she uses the remote controller to change channels on analogue television.
    Ex: Hotel guests not only steal towels and toiletries, but some of them even take home unusual objects like sex toys, stuffed animals and toilet seats.
    * arquitectura cliente-servidor = client-server architecture.
    * atención al cliente = customer care, customer support.
    * atención personal al cliente = personal selling.
    * centrado en el cliente = customer-centred [customer-centered, USA].
    * cliente de hotel = hotel guest.
    * cliente fijo = loyalty of custom.
    * cliente habitual = habitué.
    * cliente leal = loyal customer.
    * cliente satisfecho = satisfied customer.
    * cliente-servidor = client-server.
    * cliente web = WWW browser, Web browser.
    * departamento de atención al cliente = customer service department.
    * el cliente siempre tiene la razón = the customer is always right.
    * facturar a los clientes = bill + clients.
    * lealtad del cliente = customer loyalty.
    * para atraer al cliente = window dressing.
    * programa cliente = browser.
    * ser cliente de una tienda = patronise + shop.
    * servicio de atención al cliente = customer service, service department.
    * servicio de atención al cliente en su propio automóvil = drive-through (drive-thru).
    * servicio de atención al cliente por teléfono = call centre.
    * tecnología cliente-servidor = client-server technology.

    * * *
    cliente -ta
    masculine, feminine
    1 (de una tienda) customer; (de una empresa) client, customer; (de un restaurante) customer, patron; (de un hotel) guest; (de un abogado, arquitecto) client; (en un taxi) fare, customer
    cliente asiduo or habitual regular customer ( o client etc)
    2
    cliente masculine ( Inf) client
    * * *

     

    cliente
    ◊ -ta sustantivo masculino, femenino (de tienda, restaurante) customer;


    (de empresa, abogado) client;
    ( de hotel) guest;
    ( en taxi) fare, customer;
    ◊ cliente habitual regular customer (o client etc)

    cliente mf client, customer

    ' cliente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abogada
    - abogado
    - alquilar
    - asidua
    - asiduo
    - dirigirse
    - habitual
    - huésped
    - huéspeda
    - parroquiana
    - parroquiano
    - atender
    - casero
    - fijo
    - servicio
    English:
    attend to
    - big
    - caller
    - client
    - customer
    - guest
    - major
    - patron
    - patronize
    - prospective
    - punter
    - regular
    - serve
    - service
    - soliciting
    - support
    - visitor
    - with
    - custom
    - customize
    - loyalty
    - now
    - please
    - prospect
    * * *
    cliente, -a
    ♦ nm,f
    [de tienda, garaje, bar] customer; [de banco, abogado] client; [de hotel] guest;
    perder/ganar un cliente to lose/gain a customer/client;
    un cliente habitual a regular customer/client/guest;
    el cliente siempre tiene razón the customer is always right
    ♦ nm
    Informát client
    * * *
    m/f de tienda customer; de empresa client
    * * *
    cliente, -ta n
    : customer, client
    * * *
    1. (en tienda, etc) customer

    Spanish-English dictionary > cliente

  • 18 jurista

    f. & m.
    1 jurist.
    2 judge, jurist, magistrate.
    * * *
    1 jurist, lawyer
    * * *
    SMF jurist
    * * *
    masculino y femenino jurist
    * * *
    = legislator, jurist, computer lawyer, lawmaker [law-maker].
    Ex. As the services prove their value and as librarians and their clientele continue to push for subsidization, society and the legislators will gradually accept the notion that at least some of these new expensive services are deserving of support.
    Ex. In this article the president of the International Commission of jurists presents reflections on the impact of the Internet on personal freedoms.
    Ex. Up to 1993, computer lawyers tended to stew in their own juice discussing the applicability of copyright law.
    Ex. A survey of state legislators finds that lawmakers support expanding television coverage of legislative proceedings to include gavel to gavel programming.
    * * *
    masculino y femenino jurist
    * * *
    = legislator, jurist, computer lawyer, lawmaker [law-maker].

    Ex: As the services prove their value and as librarians and their clientele continue to push for subsidization, society and the legislators will gradually accept the notion that at least some of these new expensive services are deserving of support.

    Ex: In this article the president of the International Commission of jurists presents reflections on the impact of the Internet on personal freedoms.
    Ex: Up to 1993, computer lawyers tended to stew in their own juice discussing the applicability of copyright law.
    Ex: A survey of state legislators finds that lawmakers support expanding television coverage of legislative proceedings to include gavel to gavel programming.

    * * *
    jurist
    * * *

    jurista mf jurist, lawyer
    * * *
    jurista nmf
    legal expert, jurist
    * * *
    m/f jurist

    Spanish-English dictionary > jurista

  • 19 multimedia simultánea

    (n.) = streaming media, streaming, multimedia streaming
    Ex. Streaming media is defined as an audiovisual presentation delivered via the Internet that may be viewed while simultaneously being downloaded to a user's computer.
    Ex. The technique of streaming enables Internet users to speed up the downloading of video files and allow the viewing of full motion video clips almost as quickly as small graphics files.
    Ex. The increasing popularity of multimedia streaming applications introduces new challenges in content distribution.
    * * *
    (n.) = streaming media, streaming, multimedia streaming

    Ex: Streaming media is defined as an audiovisual presentation delivered via the Internet that may be viewed while simultaneously being downloaded to a user's computer.

    Ex: The technique of streaming enables Internet users to speed up the downloading of video files and allow the viewing of full motion video clips almost as quickly as small graphics files.
    Ex: The increasing popularity of multimedia streaming applications introduces new challenges in content distribution.

    Spanish-English dictionary > multimedia simultánea

  • 20 usuario

    m.
    user, owner.
    * * *
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 user
    * * *
    (f. - usuaria)
    noun
    * * *
    usuario, -a
    SM / F user

    usuario final — (Inform) end user

    * * *
    - ria masculino, femenino user
    * * *
    = client, customer, enquirer [inquirer, -USA], information seeker, inquirer [enquirer, -UK], patron, requester [requestor], searcher, user, library user.
    Ex. Regular monthly outputs can be supplied, or other arrangements can be made to suit the client.
    Ex. New data base items are sent to customers on magnetic tape.
    Ex. Different enquirers might ask for this subject in quite different ways -- eg, is there anything on 'TV advertising of aluminium pressure-cookers'?.
    Ex. Their effective operation is not immediately obvious to the uninitiated and the cards in the index are liable to become disorganized if inexperienced information seekers tamper with the index.
    Ex. In such instances the attitude and disposition of the inquirer is important.
    Ex. The level of specificity that is desirable in any index is a function of the collection being indexed, its use and its patrons.
    Ex. The system permits the requester to specify up to five potential lending libraries, and the system transmits the requests to these libraries one at a time.
    Ex. Equally, various trade directories and other lists need to list and organise names in a form that will enable a searcher to find information about an organisation or person.
    Ex. Users make suggestions for modifications and these are then channelled through a series of committees.
    Ex. Librarians also provide some assistance with that most familiar and awkward-to-handle enquiry from library users concerning the possible value of Grandpa's old Bible or other old book unearthed in the attic during a clear-out.
    ----
    * adaptable a las necesidades del usuario = customisable [customizable, -USA].
    * a petición del usuario = on demand, on request.
    * basado en el usuario = use-based, client-centred [client-centered, -USA].
    * bibliotecario encargado de la formación de usuarios = instruction librarian.
    * búsqueda por el usuario final = end-user searching.
    * centrado en el usuario = customer focused [customer-focused], user-focused, user-centred [user-centered, -USA].
    * círculo de usuarios = circle of users.
    * comunidad de usuarios = user community.
    * configurable por el usuario = user configurable.
    * contador de usuarios = patron counter.
    * creación de perfiles de usuario = user profiling.
    * Declaración de los Derechos del Usuario = Library Bill of Rights.
    * dedicado al usuario = user-related.
    * definido por el usuario = user-defined.
    * de servicio al usuario = client-serving.
    * destinado a despertar el interés del usuario = highlight abstract.
    * determinado por el usuario = customer driven [customer-driven].
    * dirigido al usuario = user-orientated, client-directed, user-oriented, user-driven.
    * diseñado para el usuario = human-oriented.
    * dispositivo de ayuda a usuarios con necesidades especiales = assistive device.
    * estudio de usuario = reader survey, consumer survey, customer survey.
    * estudio de usuarios = user study, marketing audit, user survey.
    * estudio de usuarios de la biblioteca = library user study.
    * etiquetado por el usuario = user tagging.
    * evaluación de usuario = user rating.
    * fácil de consultar por el usuario = browser-friendly.
    * fichero de usuarios del sistema = system user file.
    * formación de usuarios = information literacy, library instruction, information skills, library user education, bibliographic instruction (BI), user education, library user training, user instruction, user training, patron instruction, reader education.
    * formador de usuarios = bibliographic instructor.
    * garantía del usuario = user warrant.
    * grupo de usuarios = user group, users' group, population served.
    * grupo de usuarios al que va dirigido = target user group.
    * guía del usuario = user guide.
    * guiado por el usuario = customer driven [customer-driven].
    * GUI (Interfaz Gráfico de Usuario) = GUI (Graphic User Interface).
    * identificador de usuario = user ID.
    * iniciado por el usuario = user-driven.
    * interfaz de usuario = front end [front-end], user interface, front end system.
    * interfaz de usuario final = end-user interface.
    * interfaz usuario-sistema = user/system interface.
    * manual de usuario = user manual.
    * mostrador de atención al usuario = service area.
    * motivado por el usuario = user-driven.
    * nivel de satisfacción del usuario = user satisfaction.
    * nombre de usuario = user ID, username, user's name.
    * no usuario = non-user.
    * orientado al usuario = user-related, human-oriented.
    * orientado al usuario final = end-user oriented.
    * orientado hacia el usuario = user-driven, user-centred [user-centered, -USA], client-based, client-centred [client-centered, -USA], client-driven, client-directed, client-oriented, customer focused [customer-focused], user-focused.
    * pensado para el usuario = user-orientated, user-oriented, user-driven, human-oriented.
    * perfil de interés del usuario = subject profile, user interest profile.
    * petición de usuario = user request [users' request].
    * política de usuarios = user policy.
    * prestar un servicio a los usuarios = serve + patrons.
    * servicios orientados hacia el usuario final = end-user services.
    * servir a los usuarios = serve + patrons.
    * software de interfaz de usuario = front end software, front-end computer software.
    * sugerido por el usuario = user-driven.
    * tecnología adaptada a usuarios con necesidades especiales = assistive technology.
    * temas de interés de los usuarios = user interests.
    * título buscado por el usuario = sought title.
    * usuario a distancia = remote user.
    * usuario al que va dirigido = target user, intended user.
    * usuario asiduo = frequenter.
    * usuario avanzado = advanced user, power user.
    * usuario con discapacidades = disabled user.
    * usuario conectado en línea = online user.
    * usuario de Internet = Internet neighbour, netizen, clicker.
    * usuario de la biblioteca = library user, library patron.
    * usuario de la información = information browser.
    * usuario del mundo de los negocios = business user.
    * usuario discapacitado = disabled user.
    * usuario en persona = walk-in user.
    * usuario final = end user [end-user/enduser], ultimate consumer, ultimate reader, target user.
    * usuario más antiguo = traditional.
    * usuario particular = home user, domestic user, residential user.
    * usuario problemático = problem patron.
    * usuario público = public user.
    * usuario que busca información = information searcher.
    * usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.
    * usuario que hace poco uso del préstamo = light borrower.
    * usuario que hace uso del préstamo = borrower.
    * usuario remoto = remote user.
    * usuarios = clientele, constituent group, user population, user base, customer base.
    * usuario satisfecho = satisfied user.
    * usuarios finales = target user group, targeted audience.
    * usuario tradicional = traditional.
    * * *
    - ria masculino, femenino user
    * * *
    = client, customer, enquirer [inquirer, -USA], information seeker, inquirer [enquirer, -UK], patron, requester [requestor], searcher, user, library user.

    Ex: Regular monthly outputs can be supplied, or other arrangements can be made to suit the client.

    Ex: New data base items are sent to customers on magnetic tape.
    Ex: Different enquirers might ask for this subject in quite different ways -- eg, is there anything on 'TV advertising of aluminium pressure-cookers'?.
    Ex: Their effective operation is not immediately obvious to the uninitiated and the cards in the index are liable to become disorganized if inexperienced information seekers tamper with the index.
    Ex: In such instances the attitude and disposition of the inquirer is important.
    Ex: The level of specificity that is desirable in any index is a function of the collection being indexed, its use and its patrons.
    Ex: The system permits the requester to specify up to five potential lending libraries, and the system transmits the requests to these libraries one at a time.
    Ex: Equally, various trade directories and other lists need to list and organise names in a form that will enable a searcher to find information about an organisation or person.
    Ex: Users make suggestions for modifications and these are then channelled through a series of committees.
    Ex: Librarians also provide some assistance with that most familiar and awkward-to-handle enquiry from library users concerning the possible value of Grandpa's old Bible or other old book unearthed in the attic during a clear-out.
    * adaptable a las necesidades del usuario = customisable [customizable, -USA].
    * a petición del usuario = on demand, on request.
    * basado en el usuario = use-based, client-centred [client-centered, -USA].
    * bibliotecario encargado de la formación de usuarios = instruction librarian.
    * búsqueda por el usuario final = end-user searching.
    * centrado en el usuario = customer focused [customer-focused], user-focused, user-centred [user-centered, -USA].
    * círculo de usuarios = circle of users.
    * comunidad de usuarios = user community.
    * configurable por el usuario = user configurable.
    * contador de usuarios = patron counter.
    * creación de perfiles de usuario = user profiling.
    * Declaración de los Derechos del Usuario = Library Bill of Rights.
    * dedicado al usuario = user-related.
    * definido por el usuario = user-defined.
    * de servicio al usuario = client-serving.
    * destinado a despertar el interés del usuario = highlight abstract.
    * determinado por el usuario = customer driven [customer-driven].
    * dirigido al usuario = user-orientated, client-directed, user-oriented, user-driven.
    * diseñado para el usuario = human-oriented.
    * dispositivo de ayuda a usuarios con necesidades especiales = assistive device.
    * estudio de usuario = reader survey, consumer survey, customer survey.
    * estudio de usuarios = user study, marketing audit, user survey.
    * estudio de usuarios de la biblioteca = library user study.
    * etiquetado por el usuario = user tagging.
    * evaluación de usuario = user rating.
    * fácil de consultar por el usuario = browser-friendly.
    * fichero de usuarios del sistema = system user file.
    * formación de usuarios = information literacy, library instruction, information skills, library user education, bibliographic instruction (BI), user education, library user training, user instruction, user training, patron instruction, reader education.
    * formador de usuarios = bibliographic instructor.
    * garantía del usuario = user warrant.
    * grupo de usuarios = user group, users' group, population served.
    * grupo de usuarios al que va dirigido = target user group.
    * guía del usuario = user guide.
    * guiado por el usuario = customer driven [customer-driven].
    * GUI (Interfaz Gráfico de Usuario) = GUI (Graphic User Interface).
    * identificador de usuario = user ID.
    * iniciado por el usuario = user-driven.
    * interfaz de usuario = front end [front-end], user interface, front end system.
    * interfaz de usuario final = end-user interface.
    * interfaz usuario-sistema = user/system interface.
    * manual de usuario = user manual.
    * mostrador de atención al usuario = service area.
    * motivado por el usuario = user-driven.
    * nivel de satisfacción del usuario = user satisfaction.
    * nombre de usuario = user ID, username, user's name.
    * no usuario = non-user.
    * orientado al usuario = user-related, human-oriented.
    * orientado al usuario final = end-user oriented.
    * orientado hacia el usuario = user-driven, user-centred [user-centered, -USA], client-based, client-centred [client-centered, -USA], client-driven, client-directed, client-oriented, customer focused [customer-focused], user-focused.
    * pensado para el usuario = user-orientated, user-oriented, user-driven, human-oriented.
    * perfil de interés del usuario = subject profile, user interest profile.
    * petición de usuario = user request [users' request].
    * política de usuarios = user policy.
    * prestar un servicio a los usuarios = serve + patrons.
    * servicios orientados hacia el usuario final = end-user services.
    * servir a los usuarios = serve + patrons.
    * software de interfaz de usuario = front end software, front-end computer software.
    * sugerido por el usuario = user-driven.
    * tecnología adaptada a usuarios con necesidades especiales = assistive technology.
    * temas de interés de los usuarios = user interests.
    * título buscado por el usuario = sought title.
    * usuario a distancia = remote user.
    * usuario al que va dirigido = target user, intended user.
    * usuario asiduo = frequenter.
    * usuario avanzado = advanced user, power user.
    * usuario con discapacidades = disabled user.
    * usuario conectado en línea = online user.
    * usuario de Internet = Internet neighbour, netizen, clicker.
    * usuario de la biblioteca = library user, library patron.
    * usuario de la información = information browser.
    * usuario del mundo de los negocios = business user.
    * usuario discapacitado = disabled user.
    * usuario en persona = walk-in user.
    * usuario final = end user [end-user/enduser], ultimate consumer, ultimate reader, target user.
    * usuario más antiguo = traditional.
    * usuario particular = home user, domestic user, residential user.
    * usuario problemático = problem patron.
    * usuario público = public user.
    * usuario que busca información = information searcher.
    * usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.
    * usuario que hace poco uso del préstamo = light borrower.
    * usuario que hace uso del préstamo = borrower.
    * usuario remoto = remote user.
    * usuarios = clientele, constituent group, user population, user base, customer base.
    * usuario satisfecho = satisfied user.
    * usuarios finales = target user group, targeted audience.
    * usuario tradicional = traditional.

    * * *
    masculine, feminine
    user
    los usuarios de los transportes públicos public transport users, users of public transport
    * * *

     

    usuario
    ◊ - ria sustantivo masculino, femenino

    user
    usuario,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino user

    ' usuario' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    arrendar
    - usuaria
    - rentar
    English:
    lay
    - survey
    - user
    - user-friendly
    - borrower
    - flier
    - help
    * * *
    usuario, -a nm,f
    user
    Informát usuario final end user;
    usuario registrado registered user
    * * *
    m, usuaria f INFOR user
    * * *
    usuario, - ria n
    : user
    * * *
    usuario n user

    Spanish-English dictionary > usuario

Страницы

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